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absorption
the process of movement of a drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation
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acetylation
a conjugation reaction involving the hepatic enzyme acetyle transferase, which metabolizes the inactivates amines, hydrazines, and sulfonamindes
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adsorption
the adhesion of drug molecules to the surface of another substance by physical or chemical attraction
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bioavailability
the degree to which a drug or other substance reaches the general circulation and becomes available to the target organ or tissue
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biotransformation
the metabolism of drugs by reactions such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, or conjugation
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black box warning
the most serious warning required by the Food and Drug Administration on drug labels; such warnings appear in a box surrounded by a black border at the beginning of the label information
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cytochrome P-450 enzyme system
a multienzyme system in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of numerous tissues that is involved in phase I of liver detoxification and is the major catalyst of drug biotransformation reactions
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drug-nutrient interaction
the result of the action between a drug and a nutrient that would not happen with the nutrient or the drug alone
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excipient
substance added to a drug, such as a buffer, binder, filler, diluent, disintegrant, glidant, flavoring, dye, preservative, suspending agent, or coating; also called inactive ingredient
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food-drug interaction
a broad term that includes drug-nutrient interactions and the effect of a medication on nutritional status
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half-life
the amount of time it takes for the blood concentration of a drug to decrease by one--half its steady-state level
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pharmacodynamics
the study of the physiologic and biochemical effects of a drug or combination of drugs
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pharmacogenomics
the study of genetically determined variations that are revealed solely by the effects of drugs in the body
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pharmacokinetics
the movement of a drug through the body by absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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physical incompatibility
a food-drug interaction involving granulation, gel formation, or separation of the enteral nutritional product when food and drug are combined
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polypharmacy
the use of multiple drugs to treat one or more health conditions
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pressor agents
organic compounds, including tyramine, dopamine, phenylethylamine, and histamine, that cause vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure
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side effect
adverse effect, reaction, or any undesirable outcome of a drug
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unbound fraction
the amount of a drug that is not bound to serum proteins, is able to leave the vasculature, and produces a pharmacologic effect at a target organ
(vasculature: arrangement of blood vessels in the body)
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