Cardiac Physiology

All of the following are componenst of the cardiac conduction system EXCEPT:

sinoatrial node
internodal node
interatrial septum
atrioventricular node

Which coronary artey supplies oxygenated blood to the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node?

left main
left anterior descening 
circumflex
right coronary artery

Which of the following componets of the cardiac conduction system is considered the pacemake of the heart?

sinoatrial node
internodal tracts
atrioventricular node
bundle of His

The sinoatrial node is located closet to the:

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
right coronary artery

The sinoatrial node normalls fires electrical impluses at a rate of:

60 to 100 per minute
40 to 60 per minute
20 to 40 per minute
10 to 20 per minute

The His bundle has an automatic firing rate of between"

60 to 100 per minute
40 to 60 per minute
20 to 40 per minute
0 to 10 per minute

The Purkinje fibers have an automatic firing rate of between:

60 to 100 per minute
40 to 60 per minute
20 to 40 per minute
10 to 20 per minute

Which of the following components of the cardiac conduction system delivers the electrical impusle from the sinoatrial node to the atria?

internodal tracts
atrioventricular node
bundle of His
bundle branches

Which of the following deliver the electrical impulse from the sinoatrial noade to the left atrium?

Bachmann's
Bernoulli's 
Wenkebach
His

Which of the following components of the cardiac conduction system deliver the electrical impulse to the bundle of His after a 0.10 second delay?

sinoatrial node
internodal tracts
atrioventricular node
bundle of His

The atrioventricular node is located at the floor of the:

left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

Which of the following components of the cardiac conduction system deliver the electrical impulse from the atrioventricular node to the bundle branches?

internodal tracts
atrioventricular node
bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

Which of the following components fo the cardiac conduction system delivers the electrical impulse from the bundle of His to the ventricles?

sinoatrial node
internodal tracts
His bundle
right/left bundle branches

Which of the following components of the cardiac conduction system delivers the electrical impulse from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls?

sinatrial node
atrioventricular node
bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

Which of the following terms means the heart can begin and maintain rhythmic activity without the aid of the nervous system?

automaticity
excitability
conductivity
contractility

Which of the following terms means that cardiac muscle can accept and respond to electrical impulses?

automaticity
excitability
conductivity
contractility

Which of the following terms means that a cardiac cell is able to transfer an electrical impulse to a neighboring cardiac cell?

automaticity
excitability
conductivity
contractility

Which of the following terms means that the heart responds to an electrical impulse by contracting?

automaticity
excitability
conductivity
contractility

W

Which of the following decipts the electrical activity of the cardiac cell over time?

Wiggers diagram
action potential curve
pressure wedge
electrocardiogram

For the action potential curve, which of the following phases respresent initial cardiac cell depolarization?

0 to 1
2
3
4

For the action potential curve, which phase represent a brief period of repolarization?

0 to 1
1
3
2

For the action potential curve, which phase represents actual cardiac contraction?

1
2
3
4

Which ion is important in causing actual cardiac contraction?

calcium
potassium
sodium
nitrogen

For the action potential curve, which phase represents repolarization?

1
2
3
4

For the action potential curve, which phase represents the resting state of the heart?

1
2
3
4

For the action potential curve, the period of time where a cardiac cell will not accept a stimulus no matter how strong the stimulus, is called?

relative refractory
absolute refractory
pulse repetition
isovolumic

For the action potential curve, the period of time where the cardiac cell can be stimulated but only be a very strong stimulus, is called:

relative refractory
absolute refractory
pulse repetition
isovolumic

Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between mechanical and electrical cardicac events is true?

electrical follows mechanical
mechanical precedes electrical
electrical precedes mechanical
electrical and mechanical occurs simultaneously

According to the EKG, actual ventricular contraction coincides with the:

P wave
QRS complex
ST segment
T wave

Which of the following states that the greater the stretch of the cardiac muscle cell, the greater the force of contraction:

Bernoulli
Doppler
Frank-Starling
Bernheim

The Frank-Starling law may also be referred to as the:

length-tension relationship
force-velocity relationship
interval-strength relationship
isovolumic contraction relationship

The word length is length-tension relationship refers to cardiac:

diastole
diastasis
cell stretch
systole

The word tension in length-tension relationship referes to cardiac:

diastole
diastasis
contraction
cell stretch

Which of the following terms is defined as the length of the cardiac cell is stretched prior to the next cardiac contraction?

afterload
preload
noload
sumload

The pulmonary artery wedge pressure reflects:

left atrial pressure
right atrial pressure
pulmonary artery pressure
right ventricular pressure

The central venous pressure reflects the pressure in the:

right atrium
left atrium
left ventricle
pulmonary artery

What effect will an increase in preload have on the force of ventricular contraction?

decrease
increase
no change
cannot be predicted

All of the following will increase preload of the left heart EXCEPT:

aortic regurgitation
mitral regurgitation
patent ductus arteriosus
aortic stenosis

All of the following condition will increase right heart pressure EXCEPT:

tricuspid regurgitation
pulmonary regurgitation
ventricular septal defect
atrial septal defect

According to Starling's law of the heart, significant mitral regurgitation initially will have which effect of left ventricular performance?

enhance
decrease
varies
cannot be predicted

Which of the following referes to the load production that the myocardium must produce during ventricular systole?

force
velocity
preload 
systole

Which of the following terms referes to the rate of myocardial fiber shortening?

force
velocity
preload 
systole

Force and velocity are

porpotional
directly related
inverserly related
unrelated

With an increase in force, the velocity of fiber shortening will:

increase
decrease
varies
cannot be predicted

With a decrease in force, the velocty of fiber shortening will:

increase
decrease
remain unchanged
cannot be predicted

Which of the following terms refers to the resistance a ventricle faces during ejection?

afterload
velocity
diastole
systole

What effect will an increase in afterload have on myocardial force?

increase
decrease
no change
cannot be predicted

What effect will an increse in afterload have on myocardial fiber shortening velocity?

increase
decrease
no change
cannot be predicted

What effect will an increase of afterload have on cardiac performance?

increase
decrease
no change
undetermined

Which of the following statements is true concerning valvular aortic stenois?

increase in ventricular force, velocity and afterload
decrease in ventricular force, velocity and afterload
increase in ventricular force, decrease in velocity and an increase in afterload
decrease in ventricular force, increase in velocity and in increase in afterload

The time between each heart beat is called:

interval
strength
systole
diastole

In general, as the interval between each heart beat increases the strength of ventricular contraction:

increases
decreases
varies
cannot be predicted

The systolic contraction following a premature ventricular contraction with a compensatory pause will be:

increased 
decreased 
unchanged
cannot be predicted

The phenonmenon where there is an incrase in systolic contraction following a premature ventricular contraction with a compensatory pause is called:

pressure half-time
interval-strength
systole
diastole

According to the interval-strength relationship, the peak velocity and peak pressure gradient post premature ventricular contraction with a compensatory pause will be:

increased
decreased
unchanged
cannot be predicted

According to the interval-strength relationship, the strength of ventricular contraction in a patient with sinus bradycardia will be:

increased
decreased
unchanged
cannot be predicted

The heart valves open and close due to the change in:

volume
pressure
blood motion
heart motion

The mitral valve closes when:

left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds left atrial pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds aortic pressure
aortic diastolic paressure exceeds left ventricular diastolic pressure

The mitral valve opens when:

left atrial pressures exceeds left ventricular pressure
left ventricular diastolic pressure exceeds left arial pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds aortic systolic pressure
aortic systolic pressure exceeds left ventricular systolic pressure

The tricuspid valve closes when:

right atrial pressure exceeds right ventricular pressure
right ventricular systolic pressure exceeds right atrial pressure
right ventricular diastolic pressure exceeds pulmonary artery diastolic pressure
systolic pulmonary artery pressure exceeds right ventricular systolic pressure

The tricuspid valve opens when:

right atrial pressure exceeds right ventricular pressure
right ventricular diastolic pressure exceeds right atrial pressure
right ventricular systolic pressure exceeds pulmonary artery pressure
systolic pulmonary artery pressure exceeds right ventricular systolic pressure

As compared to the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve normally opens:

before
at the same time
after
varies

As compared to the mitral valve, the tricuspid valve normally closes:

before
at the same time
after
varies

The aortic valve opens when:

left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds left atrial pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds aortic pressure
aortic systolic pressure exceeds left ventricular systolic pressure

The aortic valve closes when:

left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular systolic pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds left atrial pressure
left ventricular systolic pressure exceeds aortic diastolic pressure
aortic pressure exceeds left ventricular systolic pressure

The pulmonary valve opens when:

right atrial pressure exceeds right ventricular pressure
right ventricular pressure exceeds right artial pressure
right ventricular systolic pressure exceeds pulmonary artery pressure
pulmonary artery systolic pressure exceeds right ventricular pressure 

The pulmonary valve closes when:

right atrial pressure exceeds right ventricular pressure
right ventricular pressure exceeds right artial pressure
right ventricular systolic pressure exceeds systolic pulmonary artery pressure
systolic pulmonary artery pressure exceeds right ventricular systolic pressure 

As compared to the arotic valve, the pulmonary valve normally opens:

before
at the same time
varies
after

As compared to the arotic valve, the pulmonary valve normally closes:

before
at the same time
varies
after

Which of the following begins with the end of the EKG T wave and ends with the onset of the QRS complex?

ventricular diastole
atrial systole
ventricular systole
isovolumic relaxation

Which of the following are true statements concerning the cardiac valves during ventricular diastole?

atrioventricular valves are open, semilunar valves are closed
atrioventricular valves are closed, semilunar valves are open
atrioventricular valves are open, semilunar valves are open 
atrioventricular valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed

All of the following are considered components of ventricular diastole EXCEPT:

rapid early filling
diastasis
atrial systole
isovolumic contraction

Atrial systole is considered a part of :

early diastolic filling
diastasis
mid-ventricular diastole
late ventricular diastole

What % does atrial systole normally contribute to ventricular diastolic filling?

10%
30%
70%
90%

What % does rapid, early diastolic filling contribute to ventricular diastolic filling?

10%
30%
70%
90%

The period of time between atrioventricular valve closure and semilunar valve opening is called:

rapid, early diastolic filling
diastasis
atrial systole
isovolumic contraction

Which of the following statements is true concerning isovolumic contraction?

atrioventricular valves are open, semilunar valves are closed
atrioventricular valves are closed, semiluar valves are open
atrioventricular valves are open, semilunar valves are open
atrioventricular valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed

Which of the following statements is true concerning the cardiac valves during ventricular systole?

atrioventricular valves are open, semilunar valves are closed
atrioventricular valves are closed, semiluar valves are open
atrioventricular valves are open, semilunar valves are open
atrioventricular valves are closed, semilunar valves are closed

During isovolumic contaction, the ventricular pressure is _______ and the ventricular volume is _________.

increased, decreased
increased, increased
increased, no change
varies, varies

Which component of the EKG tracing represents ventricular systole?

P wave
QRS complex to T wave
T wave to QRS complex
T wave to onset of P wave

The period of time between semilunar valve closure and atrioventricular valve opening is:

atrial systole
ventricular diastole
ventricular diastasis
isovolumic relaxation

Which of the following statements is true concerning isovolumic relaxation?

venticular pressure and volume are increasing
ventricular pressure and volume are decreasing
ventricular pressure is increasing, ventricular volume is unchanged
ventricular pressure is decreasing, ventricular volume is unchanged

All of the following are considered a part of the pulmonary circulation EXCEPT:

vena cava
right ventricle
pulmonary artery and branches
pulmonary capillaries

All of the following are considered components of the systemic circulation EXCEPT:

pulmonary veins
left ventricle
aorta
cerebral veins

All of the following are true statements comparing the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation EXCEPT:

higher pressure
higher resistance
higher O2 content
higher carbon dioxide content

All of the following are true statements comparing the systemic circulation ot the pulmonary circulation EXCEPT:

higher overall volume
thicker vessel walls
blood travels a great distance
higher stroke volume

The left ventricle stroke volume as compared to the right ventricular stroke volume is:

10% greater
10% less
equal to
cannot be predicted

Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, all of the following statements are true concerning blood flow during ventricular systole EXCEPT blood travels from the:

left ventricle to aorta
right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
vena cava to the right atrium
left atrium to the pulmonary veins

When early ventricular systolic pressure exceeds atrial pressures the atrioventricular valves will:

open
close
be unaffected
cannot be predicted

When early ventricular systolic pressure exceeds atrial pressures the semilunar valves will:

open
close
be unaffected
cannot be predicted

When early ventricular diastolic pressure falls below atrial pressures the semilunar valves will:

open
close
be unaffected
cannot be predicted

When ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressures the atrioventricular valves will:

open
close
be unaffected
cannot be predicted

Atrioventricular valve regurgitation will increase the atrial wave called the:

a
c
x
v

Atrial fibrillation will cause which of the following atrial waves to be absent?

a
c
x
v

Atrioventricular valve stenosis will lead to an increase in the mitral valve wave called the:

a wave
c wave
x wave
v wave

Which of the following cardiac diseases is associated with steep atrial x and y descents?

mitral regurgitation
tricuspid stenosis
constrictive pericarditis
semilunar valve stenosis

All of the following will directly increase ventricular systolic pressure EXCEPT:

aortic stenosis
mitral stenois
systemic hypertension
pulmonary hypertension

All of the following cardiac diseases will lead to an increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure EXCEPT:

congestive heart failure
constrictive pericarditis
tricuspid stenosis
diastolic dysfunction

All of the following may increase pulmonary artery pressures EXCEPT:

artial septal defect
coronary artery defect
mitral stenosis
tricuspid regurgitation

The right heart oxygen saturtations normally are equal to approximately:

25%
50%
75%
95%

Which of the following will normally have the lowest oxygen saturation level?

inferior vena cava
superior vena cava
right atrium
pulmonary vein

The normal oxygen saturation level for the left heart is:

25%
50%
75%
95%

Which of the following normally has the lowest oxygen saturation level?

vena cava
coronary sinus
pulmonary veins
aorta

Which of the following normally has the highes oxygen saturation level?

aorta
left atrium
left ventricle
pulmonary veins

The two normal hear sounds are:

S1, S2
S3, S4
loud S1, opening snap
ejection click, friction rub

S1 is caused by:

closure of the atrioventricular valves
opening of the atrioventricualr valves
closure of the semilunar valves
opening of the semilunar valves

S2 is caused by:

closure of the atrioventricular valves
opening of the atrioventricualr valves
closure of the semilunar valves
opening of the semilunar valves

The major component of the S1 heart sound is closure of the:

aortic valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
pulmoniv valve

S1 occurs when:

ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
ventircular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
arterial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
 ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

According to the EKG, S1 coincides with the:

A wave
QRS complex
T wave
u wave

S2 occurs when:

ventricular pressure falls below arterial pressure
ventircular pressure falls below atrial pressure
atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure 
arterial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure 

In relation to the EKG, S2 occurs at the end of the :

A wave
QRS complex
T wave
u wave

Compared to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve normally closes:

before
after
simultaneous
varies

Which of the following organs has as its primary function to provide for the metabolic demand of the body?

lungs
heart
brain
kidneys

All of the following are component parts of the circulation EXCEPT:

arterioles
capillaries
venules
vasa vasorum

Which of the following arteries conduct blood from the left ventricle to the peripheral arteries?

aorta
capillaries
arterioles
vasa vasorum

Which of the following arteries conducts blood from the aorts to the various organs of the body?

aorta
peripheral arteries
arterioles
capillaries

Which of the following arteries act as control valve through which blood is metered into the capillaries?

aorta
peripheral arteries
arterioles
capillaries

Which of the following provide for the exchange of oxygenm nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste?

aorta
peripheral arteries
arterioles
capillaries

Which of the following vessels collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries?

veins
venules
vasa vasorum
vena cava

Which of the following vessels conducts deoxygenated blood from the peripheral tissues to the heart?

veins
venules
vasa vasorum
vena cava

The inner layer of a vessel wall is the tunica:

adventitia
media
intima
vasa vasorum

The middle, thickest layer of a vessel wall is the tunica:

adventitia
media
intima
vasa vasorum

The outer layer of a vessel wall is called the tunica:

adventitia
media
intima
vasa vasorum

Which of the following provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to blood vessel walls?

tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima
vasa vasorum

All of the following may affect cardiac performance EXCEPT:

preload
afterload
contractility
blood velocity

The amount of ventricular diastolic filling is called:

preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate

The resistance a ventricle encounters during ventricular systole is called:

preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate

The inherent property of the ventricle to contract is called:

preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate

The amount of preload may be measured clinically by:

atrial diastole
ventricular end-diastolic pressure
arterial end-systolic volume
measuring myocardial cell length

According to the Frank-Starling law, an increase in preload may have which effect on cardiac performance?

increase
decrease
no change
cannot be predicted

What effect will an increase in afterload have on cardiac performance?

increase
decrease
no change
cannot be predicted

All of the following will increse afterload EXCEPT:

semilunar valve stenosis
anemia
pulmonary hypertension
systemic hypertension

Which of the following will direclty affect myocardial contractility?

mitral stenosis
myocardial infarction
cor tiatriatum
tricuspid stenosis

According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, a decrese in heart rate may have which affect on cardiac performance?

increase
no change
decrease
cannot be predicted

The amount of ventricular diastolic filling is called:

preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate

Which of the following will enchance cardiac cell excitability, pacemaker firing rate, conduction speed and contractility?

parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
preload

Which of the following will decrease cardiac cell excitability, pacemaker firing rate, conduction speed and contractility?

parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
preload

The term bathomotropic refers to:

excitability
pacemaker firing rate
rate of conduction
contractility

The term chornotopic refers to:

excitability
pacemaker firing rate
rate of conduction
contractility

The term dromotropic refers to:

excitability
pacemaker firing rate
rate of conduction
contractility

The term inotropic refers to:

excitability
pacemaker firing rate
rate of conduction
contractility

What effect will supine to standing have on venous return and ventricular volume?

increase 
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

What effect will standing to supine have on venous return and ventricular stroke volume?

increase 
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

Which effect will standing to squatting have on venous return and ventricular stroke volume:

increase 
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

What effect will the strain phase of the Valsalve maneuver have on venous return and ventricular stroke volume?

increase 
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

What effect will inspiration have on venous return and ventricular stroke volume?

increase 
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

What effect will inspiration have on the time interval between aortic valve closure and pulmonic valve closure:

increase 
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

What effect will expiration have on venous return and ventricular stroke volume?

increase
no change 
decrease
cannot be determined

Supine to standing will increase the intensity of all murmurs EXCEPT:

aortic regurgitation
mitral regurgitation
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
valvular arotic stenosis

All of the following murmurs will increase in intensity with prompt squatting EXCEPT:

aortic regurgitation
mitral regurgitation
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
valvular arotic stenosis

Which of the following murmurs will increase in intensity with the Valsalva maneuver?

aortic regurgitation
mitral regurgitation
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
valvular arotic stenosis

Standing to supine will increase the intensity of all of the following murmurs EXCEPT:

valvular aortic stenosis
valvular pulmonic stenosis
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
congenital semilunar valve stenosis

Which of the following has the same physiologic effect as standing to supine?

inspiration
isometric handgrip
passive leg raising
Valvalva maneuver

The isometric handgrip will increase all of the following EXCEPT:

respirations
peripheral vascular resistance
blood pressure
heart rate

Concerning the isometric handgrip, which of the following in incorrectly matched?

mitral regurgitation, increased intensity
arotic regurgitation, increased intensity
valvular aortic stenosis, decreased intensity
valvular pulmonic stenosis, increased intensity

The inhalation of amyl nitrite will increase all of the following murmurs except:

valvular aortic stenosis
valvular aortic sclerosis
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
ventricular septal defect

Amyl nitrite inhalation may elicit or enhance:

mitral valve prolapse
ventricular septal defect
aortic regurgitation
mitral regurgitation

All of the following will increase in intensity with inspiration EXCEPT:

tricuspid regurgitation
mitral regurgitation
valvular pulmonic stenosis
right heart S3

All of the following mumurs will increase in intensity with expiration EXCEPT:

mitral regurgitation
valvular arotic stenosis
aortic regurgitation
pulmonary regurgitation

All of the following murmurs will decrease in intesity with expiration EXCEPT:

mitral regurgitation
valvular pulmonic stenosis
pulmonary regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation

Coronary artery blood flow occurs predominantly during:

atrial systole
ventricular diastole
ventricular systole
isovolumic contraction

Significant coronary artery disease is present when the percent decrease in coronary artery diameter is at least?

30%
50%
70%
90%

Which of the following pathologies would most likely affect coronary artery circulation:

mitral stenosis
tricuspid stenosis
aortic stenosis
tricuspid regurgitation

An increase in left ventricular diastolic pressure may have which effect on coronary circulation?

increase
no change
decrease 
cannot be predicted

An increase in heart rate will have which effect on coronary circulation?

increase
no change
decrease 
cannot be predicted

The establishment of collateral circulation will have which effect on coronary circulation?

increase
no change
decrease 
cannot be predicted

The two distinct fractions of blood are plasma and:

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
formed elements

All of the following are a component of the formed elements of blood EXCEPT:

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

Red blood cells are also referred to as:

plasma
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

White blood cells are also referred to as:

plasma
erythorocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

Platelets are also referred to as:

plasma
erythorocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

The fluid that carries the formed elements of blood is called:

plasma
erythorocytes
leukocytes
platelets

The % of red blood cells present is called:

anemia
plasmacrit
hematocrit
polycthemia

The % of plasma present is:

leukopenia
plasmacrit
hematocrit
polycthemia

An increase in the number of red blood cells is:

anemia
leukopenia
hematocrit
polycthemia

A decrease in the number of red blood cells is:

anemia
plasmacrit
hematocrit
polycthemia

An increase in the number of while blood cells is:

anemia
plasmacrit
leukopenia
leukocytosis

A decrease in the number of white blood cells is:

anemia
plasmacrit
leukopenia
leukocytosis