BU Forensic Bio

What is the average daily adult output of urine?

What is responsible for the yellow color of urine?

Urine contains approximately how many grams of solids? What are these solids?

Although urine is a poor source of DNA, it has been reported that there is more DNA-containing cellular material in female urine. Why?

What are the two most abundant constituents of urine?

The most common chemical tests involving urine identification target what two substances?

Since the color of urine is usually masked by the substrate, an ALS is often employed. Under what conditions will urine fluoresce?

The characteristic ammonia odor (sniff test) of urine is due to bacterial breakdown of ________.

Urea is found in what five body fluids?

In the presence of DMAC and acid, urea will turn _________

Crystals form as a result of urea combined with xanthydrol and acetic acid. What type of method is this (indirect or direct)?

Urea nitrite crystals from when acetone extract of a urine stain is followed by conversion to urea nitrate. What type of method is this (direct or indirect)?

In the presence of the enzyme urease, urea is hydrolyzed to _______ and ________.
Urea + H2O yields _______ + _______

What are the two types of chemical tests that target urea?

Using a radial diffusion gel with BTB and urease, a dark circle appears around the well when ___________ reacts with BTB

In what four body fluids is creatinine found?

what is the daily output of creatinine?

creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate, and is the breakdown of _________ ________ in muscle.

Creatinine reacts with picric acid in alkaline envrionment to form bright orange/red product creatinine picrate. What is this test called?

Urea and Creatinine are waste products found in urine. But what is the most abundant protein found in urine?

How can THG be detected in urine?

Feces have a characteristic odor due to the break down of amino acids into ___________, _________, and methyl-mercaptan by bacteria.

the brown color of feces is due to ___________, a breakdown product of __________.

Feces is mostly made up of __________.

chemical screening of feces depends on microscopic features and the detection of __________, a bile pigment precursor excreted in feces.

bacteria comprise approximately __________ of the dry weight of feces.

What is the best identification technique for feces?

Undigested food residue can be seen in feces that was ingested ____ to ____ hours previously.

What enzyme found in feces could be used for detection?

There are two color tests for feces.
Bilirubin is oxidized to ________ color with HgCl2.
Urobilinogen will fluoresce _______________ with HgCl2, ZnCl2, and UV light

DNA testing on fecal material is usually unsuccessful. What are the two possible reasons for this?

What is the most forensically important component of vaginal secretions?

There are 8 constituents commonly found on a vaginal swab. What are they? (hint: The first letters of each are in these words: BEEP CUBY)

What types of cells are the largest seen on a vaginal smear? Basal, Parabasal, Intermediate or Superficial

There are 4 characteristics that describe superficial cells. What are they?

What is the only difference between Vaginal Acid Phosphatase (VAP) and SAP?

Glycogen is found, on average, in approximately what percentage of vaginal cells?

When stained with iodine, what color does glycogen become?

Since glycogen is estrogen-controlled, during what two periods of a female's life is glycogen present in vaginal epithelium?

What type of staining is used for glycogen identification in which cells without glycogen turn golden yellow and cells with glycogen stain chocolate brown?

What are two commonly used staining techniques for identifiying vaginal epithelial cells?

What type of staining technique turns the glycogen in vaginal cells a magenta color?

What are some disadvantages of glycogen staining to determine the presence of vaginal cells (there are four given)?