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Spinalis Thoracis
- Origin: Spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
- Insertion: Spinous processes of upper thoracic
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Spinalis Cervicis
- Origin: Common tendon, Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7
- Insertion: Spinous processes of cervicals, except C1
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Longissimus Thoracis
- Origin: Lower ribs between tubercle and angle
- Insertion: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Longissimus Cervicis
- Origin: Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae
- Insertion: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Longissimus Capitis
- Origin: Transverse processes of upper five thoracic vertebrae
- Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Iliocostalis Lumborum
- Origin: Common tendon
- Insertion: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 1-3 and posterior surface of ribs 6-12
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Iliocostalis Thoracis
- Origin: Posterior surface of ribs 1-12
- Insertion: posterior surface of ribs 1-6
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Iliocostalis Cervicis
- Origin: Posterior surface of ribs 1-12
- Insertion: Transverse processes of lower cervicals
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nn.
- Actions: Bilaterally extends vertebral column, unilaterally flexes vertebral column to the same side (ipsilateral flexion)
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Multifidi and Rotatores
- Origin: Sacrum and transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
- Insertion: Spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebrae
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves
- Actions: Extend vertebral column, rotate vertebral column to opposite side (contralateral)
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Semispinalis
- Origin: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of lower cervicals
- Insertion: Spinous processes of upper thoracic, cervicals (except C1), and superior nuchal line of occiput
- Innervation: Dorsal primary divisions of spinal nerves
- Actions: Extend the vertebral column and head
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Splenius Capitis
- Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T3
- Insertion: Mastoid process, lateral nuchal line
- Innervation: Branches of dorsal division of cervical n.
- Actions: Unilaterally rotates head to same side (ipsilateral), laterally flexes head and neck; bilaterally extends head and neck
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Splenius Cervicis
- Origin: Spinous processes of T3-T6
- Insertion: Transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
- Innervation: Branches of dorsal division of cervical n.
- Actions: Actions: Unilaterally rotates head to same side (ipsilateral), laterally flexes head and neck; bilaterally extends head and neck
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Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
- Origin: Spinous process of axis (C2)
- Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of occiput
- Innervation: Suboccipital n.
- Actions: Rock and tilt head back into extension, rotate head to same side (ipsilateral)
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Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
- Origin: Tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas (C1)
- Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of occiput
- Innervation: Suboccipital n.
- Actions: Rock and tilt head back into extension
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Obliquous Capitis Superior
- Origin: Transverse process of atlas (C1)
- Insertion: Between nuchal lines of occiput
- Innervation: Suboccipital n.
- Actions: Rock and tilt head back into extension
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Obliquous Capitis Inferior
- Origin: Spinous process of axis (C2)
- Insertion: Transverse process of atlas (C1)
- Innervation: Suboccipital n.
- Actions: Rotate head to same side (ipsilateral)
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Intercostals
- Origin: Inferior border of rib above
- Insertion: Suiperior border of rib below
- Innervation: Intercostal nn.
- Actions: External - draw ventral part of ribs upward, increasing space of thoracic cavity; Internal - draw ventral part of ribs downward, decreasing space of thoracic cavity
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