-
What are the six goals functions for the circulatory system?
Distribute nutrients from the digestive tract, liver and adipose (fat) tissue.
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the entire body and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Transport metabolic waste products from tissues to the execretory system
Transport hormones from endocrine glands to targets and provide feedback
Maintain homeostasis of body temperature
Hemostasis (blood clotting)
-
perfusion is..
the flow of blood through a tissue
-
Ischemia is..
inadequate blood flow due to shortages of O2, nutrients and buildup of metabolic wastes
-
Hypoxia is..
a condition of a tissue in which there is adequate bloodflow but a reduced supply of oxygen
-
the functions of the circulatory system include...
Transport of the blood throughout the body and exchange of material between the blood and tissues
-
The ______ is the organ that is a muscular pump that forces blood through a branching series of vessels to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Heart
-
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure are called...
arteries
-
Vessels that carry blood back toward the heart at low pressure are called...
veins
-
Arteries branch into increasingly smaller arteries called...
arterioles
-
arteries branch into aterioles because?
The farther the arteries are from the hear, the more the pressure of blood decreases, smaller arteries will keep the blood pressure consistent.
-
arterioles branch into ...
capillaries
-
capillairies are wide enough to let ____pass through
a single blood cell
-
after passing through the capillaries, blood collects in small veins called...
venules
-
blood goes from the venules into the _____ back to the ____.
-
the right side of the heart pumps blood to the...
lungs
-
the left side of the heart pumps blood to...
everything but the lungs
-
the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called...
pulmonary circulation
-
the flow of blood from the heart, to the rest of the body, back to the heart is called...
systemic circulation
-
portal systems are systems in which blood passes through capillaries...
more than once
-
the heart has two kinds of chambers involved in pumping blood. The _____ and the ____.
atria and the ventricles.
-
The _____ is where blood can collect from the veins before getting pumped into the _____.
-
The _______ pump blood out of the heart at high pressure into the arteries.
ventricles
-
The right atrium recieves ______ blood from the ______ circulation.
-
Detailed step by step of the flow of blood in the heart.
you start at the superior and inferior vena cavas then into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve into the right ventircle, up through the pulmonary semilunar valve, into the pulmonary artery, out to the lungs, back into the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium, down through the bicuspid (mitral) valve, into the left ventricle up into the aortic semilunar valves, and finally through the aorta.
-
the very first branches from the aorta are ______ arteries.
coronary arteries
-
Coronary arteries branch t supply blood to the _____ of the heart.
wall
-
The coronary arteries and viens get the word "coronary" because...
they encircle the heart forming a crown shape.
-
A _________ valve is between each ventricle and atrium to prevent blood backflow.
atrioventricular (AV)
-
the coronary arteries and veins mere from the _____ sinus
coronary
-
the AV valve between the left atrium and ventricle is called...
the bicuspid (mitral) valve
-
the AV valve between the right atrium and ventricle is called...
the tricuspid valve
-
the two semilunar valves are...
- the pulmonary semilunar valves
- the aortic semilunar valves
-
when veins fail, _____ result.
varicose veins
-
during diastole, the ventricles are ________ and blood flows into the atria.
relaxed
-
during diastole the atria...
contract
-
in systole, the ventircles are _______ and the atria are ______.
-
the heart rate (HR) or pulse is the number of times the _________ is repeated per minute.
cardiac cycle
-
The cardiac output is...
the total amount of blood pumped per minute.
-
the stroke volume (SV) is ..
the amount of blood pumped with each systole
-
the equation for the Cardiac Output (CO) is...
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
-
The frank-starling mechanism states that..
the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume)
-
the two principal ways to increase venous return are..
1) increase the total volume of blood in the circulatory system
2) Contraction of large veins can propel blood towards the heart
-
the action potential in all muscle cells, as in neurons, is...
a wave of depolarization of the plasma membrane
-
A synctium is...
a tissue in which cytoplasm of different cells can communicate via gap junctions.
-
in cardiac muscle, the gap junctions are found in the...
intercalated disks (the connection between cardiac muscle cells)
-
intercalated disks are the connection between
cardiac muscle cells
-
the major difference between neurons and cardiac muscle cells is that cardiac muscles are...
functional synctium
-
the action potential in the heart is transmitted from the atrial synctium to the ventricles by the...
cardiac conduction
-
when GnRH is inhibited, it also inhibits...
FSH and LH
-
When LH (Leuteninzing Hormone) surges in the ovarian cycle, what event results?
Ovulation
-
Which area of the heart is most likely to be initially affected by increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries?
the right ventricle
-
How would blocking the gated Na+ channels prevent the transmission of messages in nerves?
if blocked, the neuronal membrane cannot depolarize
-
what two systems are involved in transporation and defense/
cardiovascular and lymphatic
-
what are the principal organs of the lymphatic system? (5)
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus and tonsils
-
what systems are responsible for, respiration, nutririton and execretion?
respiratory, digestive and urinary
-
what are the organs of the respiratory system? (5)
Lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larnyx, nasal cavity
-
what are the organs in the digestive system? (7)
stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth , pancreas.
-
what organs are in the urinary system? (4)
kidneys, uteres, bladder, urethra
-
what is the organ of the integumentary system?
skin
-
what are the organs of the skeletal system? (2)
bones, ligaments
-
what are the organs of the muscular system (2)
skeletal muscles, tendons
-
what are the organs of the nervous system? (4)
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
-
the endocrine system has the organs... (5)
pituitary gland, adrenals, thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas
-
what is the function of the endocrine system?
control and regulation of other systems
-
what is the function of the integumentary system?
protections, temperature, regulation and sensation
-
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production
-
what are the functions of the muscular system?
movement, posture, heat production
-
what are the functions of the nervous system?
control, regulation and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory
-
the main function of the cardiovascular system?
exchange and transport of materials
-
the functions of the lymphatic system?
immunity, fluid balance
-
the functions of the respiratory system?
gas exchange, acid-base balance
-
the functions of the digestive systems?
breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
-
functions of the urinary system?
execretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
-
What kind of cell is the macrophage?
monocyte
-
the macrophage's function is...
to phagocytose debris and microorganisms; amoeboid motility; chemotaxis
-
What kind of cell is a B cell?
lymphocytes
-
what kind of cell is a T cell?
lymphocyte
-
What is the role of B cells?
To mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies
-
What is the role of T cells?
Kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and reject tissue grafts; also control immune response
-
What kind of cell is a neutrophil?
granulocytes
-
what kind of cell is a eosinophil?
granulocyte
-
what kind of cell is a basophil?
granulocyte
-
The function of the neutrophil is..
to phagocytose bacteria resulting in pus; amoeboid motility; chemotaxis
-
the function of the eosinophil?
destroy parasites; allergic reactions
-
the function os the basophil is...
store and release histamine; allergic reactions
-
chemotaxis is...
movement directed by chemical stimuli
-
Megakaryocytes are.....
fragmentation of large bone marrow cells
-
a platelet plug is...
the progressive accumulation of platelets, attracted by other platelets once adhesion begins.
-
Thrombus is...
a blood clot
-
Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by....
a protein called thrombin
-
hemophilia is...
an X-linked recessive group of diseases involving excessive bleeding.
-
heme is ...
a large multi-ring structure that has a single iron atom bound at its center.
-
hemoglobin is an excellent ______ carrier.
oxygen
-
what three factors stabilize the tense configuration of hemolglobin (in terms of low O2 affinity)?
- 1. Dereased pH
- 2. increased PCO2 (level of CO2 in the blood)
- 3. increased temperature
-
What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
- 1. Conversion into carbonic acid
- 2. being stuck onto hemoglobin
- 3. Can be dissolved in the blood
-
CO2 can be dissolved in the blood but oxygen cannot because....
the oxygen isn't soluble in the blood
-
amino acids and glucose are abosrbed from the digestive tract and carried by a special vein called the _____ to the liver.
hepatic portal vien
-
chylomicrons are...
a type of lipoprotein
-
lipemia is..
a condition in which increased amounts of lipids are present in the blood, a normal occurrence after eating
-
Oncotic pressure is...
The osmotic pressure provided by plasma proteins
-
What are the three steps of oncotic pressure?
- 1) Water squeezes out into the tissues
- 2) Concentration of plasma proteins increases
- 3) water flows back into the capillary from the tissues
-
lymphatic vessels have...
valves
-
larger lymphatic ducts have ______ in their walls.
smooth muscles
-
alveoli are the respiratory surface of humans where the exchange ...
of oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide from the blood.
-
In humans, carbon dioxide that is excreted passes from the blood directly into the...
alveoli
-
Under basal conditions, the region of the body that receives the greatest blood flow is the..
liver
-
Sickle-cell anemia is a condition where ______ genes are necessary for full development of the disease.
homozygous recessive
-
A pulse can be detected most easily in..
an artery
-
voltage-gated sodium channels are also called...
fast sodium channels
-
the channels involved in the cardic muscle action potential is called...
slow calcium channels
-
what acts as the pacemaker of the heart?
the cells of the SA node
-
what are the 3 phases of the SA node?
phases 0,3 and 4
-
the SA node has ________ resting potential
unstable
-
phase 4 of the SA node is...
automatic slow depolarization
-
phase 4 of the SA node is caused by...
sodium leak channels
-
Phase 0 of the SA node is caused by...
an inward flow of ca2+
-
Phase 0 of the SA node is...
the upstroke of the pacemaker
-
skeletal muscle cells and other myocytes depolarize because of a ___ influx, not ___ like the SA node.
-
the Ca2+ channels operate _____ than the Na+ channels
faster
-
Phase 3 of the SA node is...
repolarization
-
Phase 3 of the SA node is caused by...
closure of the Ca2+ channels and opening of the K+ channels leading to K+ coming out the cell.
-
The SA node has the most ____ leak channels of all the conduction system.
Na+
-
-
Phase 1 =
intial repolarization
-
-
-
phase 4 =
resting membrane potential
-
The action potential spreads down the special conduction pathway which transmits action potentials without.....
contracting
-
the special conduction pathway connects the SA node to the....
AV Node
-
the pathway that connects the SA and AV node is called...
internodal tract
-
AV bundle = bundle of...
His
-
The AV bundle divides into the right and left...
bundle branches
-
the bundle brances of the AV bundle turns into...
purkinje fibers
-
what allows the impulase of spread rapidly and evenly over both ventricles of the heart?
the purkinje fibers
-
what regulates the rate of contraction in the heart?
autonomic nervous system
-
the intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is about .____ beats per minute
120
-
the reason that the normal heart rate is about 60-80 beats per minute is that....
the parasympathetic nervous system continually inhibits depolarization of the SA node
-
the parasympathetic nervous system continually inhibits _________ of the SA node
depolarization
-
The _____ nerve contains preganglionic axons which synapse in ganglia near the SA node.
vagus
-
what chemical inhibits depolarization by binding to receptors on the cells of the SA node?
ACh (acetylcholine)
-
the constant level of inhibition provided by the vagus nerve is known as .....
vagal tone
-
The role of the parasympathtic system in controlling the heart is to...
modulate the rate by inhibiting rapid automaticity
-
baroreceptors are receptors that....
monitor blood pressure
-
baroreceptors monitor the blood pressure by...
sending signals to the CNS to increase the vagal tone and decrease the sympathetic input
-
where are the baroreceptors located?
in the aortic arch and the cartoid arteries
-
out of this blood pressure = 120/80 mm Hg, the systolic pressure is the_____ and the diastolic pressure is the ____
-
the systolic pressure is...
the highest pressure that ever occurs in the circulatory system as the blood pressure is being taken
-
the diastolic pressure is...
the lowest pressure that occurs between heartbeats
-
the systolic pressure is attained as...
the ventricles contract
-
the pulse pressure is the difference between...
the systolic and diastolic pressures
-
blood pressure is taken with a ...
sphygmomanometer
-
tissues in need of extra blood flow are able to requisition it themselves via...
local autoregulation
-
buffers in blood maintain a constant pH of...
7.4
-
the principal blood buffer is...
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
-
the five electrolytes are...
Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ and Mg2+
-
Albumin is essential for the maintenance of _______pressure.
oncotic
-
the principal metabolic waste product is....
Urea
-
Urea is a breakdown product of...
amino acids
-
urea is a carrier of excess ....
nitrogen
-
the breakdown of heme is...
bilirubin
-
the hematocrit is...
the volume of blood occupied by the RBCs
-
the normal hematocrit in males is...
40-45%
-
the normal hematocrit in females is...
35-40%
-
leukocytes are.....
white blood cells
-
the total blood composition is...
- 54% of plasma
- 1% of leukocytes
- 45% of hematocrit
-
blood plasma consists of... (8)
water, electrolytes, glucose, hormones, wastes, plasma proteins, lipoproteins
-
the 3 plasma proteins are...
albumin, immunoglobulin and fibrinogen
-
the hemolytic disease of the newborn is called...
erythroblastosis fetalis
-
what happens in the hemolytic disease of the newborn ?
blood cells get destroyed because of a transfusion reaction because of sensitization
-
sensitization is...
when antibodies to the Rh antigen do not develop unless a person with Rh- blood is exposed to Rh+ blood.
-
transfusion reaction is...
when RBCs clump because they are the incorrect blood type
-
O blood type can donate to...
everybody
-
A blood type can donate to
A and AB
-
B blood type can donate to..
B and AB
-
AB blood type can donate to..
AB
-
Blood group A antibodies
anti-B
-
Blood group B antibodies
Anti-A
-
Blood group AB antibodies
None
-
Blood group O antibodies
Anti-A and anti-B
-
Blood group A antigens
A antigen
-
Blood group B antigens
B antigen
-
Blood group AB antigens
A and B antigens
-
Blood group O antigens
none
-
where do T-lymphocytes mature?
the thymus
-
the thymus degenerates during adolescence and adulthood, becoming largely....
nonfunctional
-
the spleen destroys ...
aged RBCs
-
the endocrine system controls body homeostasis over hours and days by promoting communication among various tissues and organs through....
the secretion of hormones
-
hormones are secreted by...
endocrine organs
-
exocrine organs secrete their products into...
the external environment
-
the exocrine glands are... (5)
salivary glands, mammary glands, pancreatic acinar calls and sweat glands
-
the two main types of hormones are..
- peptide hormone
- steroid hormone
-
peptide hormones are (hydrophillic or hydrophobic)?
hydrophillic
-
peptide hormones are made in...
the ER and golgi
-
peptide hormones are stored in...
vesicles
-
peptide hormones ______ in the plasma
dissolve
-
peptide hormones bind to receptors on...
the cell surface (cant diffuse thru membrane b.c hydrophillic)
-
peptide hormones induce secon messenger cascades that result in....
modifying the existing enzymes and proteins
-
peptide hormones are rapid but....
short-lived
-
steroid hormone (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
hydrophobic
-
steroid hromones are made ...
from cholesterol in the SER
-
steroid hormones ______ stored
are not
-
steroid hromones travel in the blood...
connected to proteins
-
steroid hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane and...
bind to receptors in the ytoplasm of the target cells
-
steroid hormones go to the nucleus and alter..
transcription, change amount and types of proteins in the target cell
-
steroid hormones are slow but...
long lasting
-
the serum Ca2+ level is a ....
physiological endpoint which must be maintianed at constant levels
-
metaregulators are...
tropic hormones
-
ACTh is a ____ hormone
tropic
-
hypophysis is another name for...
the pituitary gland
-
another name for the anterior pituitary gland is...
adenohypophysis
-
what kind of nueron cells secrete hormones into the bloodstream?
neuroendocrine cells
-
what are the eight major endocrine glands in the body?
pancreas, adrenal gland, tthyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalmus, pituitary, ovaries and testes
-
pancreas is an _____ and ______ gland
exocrine and endocrine
-
pancreas is an exocrine organ because it secretes...
digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the lumen of the duodenum
-
exeocrine secretions of the pancreas come from the _______ cells and empty via _______
- acinar
- ducts into the gastrointestinal tract
-
what are the three hormones that the pancreas secretes?
insuling, glucagon and somatostatin
-
the three hormones of the pancreas are secreted by the _______ cells
islet
-
the pancreatic islet cells are located in the...
islets of langerhans
-
in the pancreas, the delta islet cells secrete...
somatostatin
-
in the pancreas, the beta islet cells secrete...
insulin
-
in the pancreas, the alpha islet cells secrete...
glucagon
-
what are insulin's four main functions in the body?
- 1. increasing cellular uptake of glucose
- 2. promoting formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver
- 3. reducing glucose concentration in the blood
- 4. increasing protein and triglyceride synthesis
-
an adrenal gland sits on each...
kidney
-
the two major regions of the adrenal gland are...
the cortex and the medulla
-
the adrenal cortex is made up of...
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- sex hormones
-
the adrenal medulla is made up of...
epinephrine
-
the main mineral secreted by the adrenal cortex is the....
aldosterone
-
the thyroid is a flat gland located...
in the neck in front of the larynx
-
cretinsim arises from a deficency of ________ hormone in the first six months of life.
thyroid
-
the peptide hormone, calcitonin is produced in ________ cells
parafollicular cells
-
the hypothalamus regulates..
the endocrine system and the automatic nervous system
-
the hypothalamus, recieves input from the ________ and _______systems, and regulate output from the pituitay glands.
- cerebral cortex
- limbic systems
-
the pituitary gland is located..
on the underside of the brain
-
the front half of the pituitary gland is called the _________, while the back is called ________.
- anterior pituitary
- posterior pituitary
-
the four main hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary are...
- thyroids stimulating hormone
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- lutenizing hormone
- follicle stimulating hormone
- growth hormone = somatotropin
- prolactin
-
the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are...
- antidiuretic hromone
- oxytocin
-
the hypothalamus' secretes hormones that are..
releasing and inhibiting factors (peptide)
-
the target and effect of the hypothalmus' releasing and inhibiting factors is..
the anterior pituitary and to modify activity
-
the target and effect of the anterior pituitary's Growth hormone (GH) is....
the whole body, increases bone and muscle growth and increases cell turnover rate
-
the target and effect of the prolactin hormone is..
- the mammary gland
- milk production
-
the target and effect of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is..
- thyroid
- increase of synthesis and relaease of TH
-
the target and effect of the adrenocoticrotropic hormone is..
- the whole body
- increases the growth and secretory activity of the adrenal cortex
-
the target and effect of the luteinizing hormone is..
- ovary / testes
- ovulation / testosterone synthesis
-
the target and effect of the follicle stimulating hormone is..
- ovary / testes
- follicle development / spermatogenesis
-
the target and effect of the antidiuretic hormone is..
-
the target and effect of the oxytocin hormone is..
- breast / uterus
- milk letdown / contraction
-
the target and effect of the thyroid hormone is
Child and adult)
- whole body
- Child: neceassary for physical and mental development
- Adult: increases metabolic rate and temperature
-
the target and effect of the calcitonin hormone is..
- the bone and kidney
- lowers the serum [Ca2+] levels
-
the target and effect of the parathyroid hormone is..
- the bone, kidneys and small intestine
- raises serum [Ca2+]
-
the target and effect of the thymosin hormone is..
(children only)
- Whole body
- T cell development during childhood
-
the target and effect of the epinephrine (adrenaline) hormone is..
- whole body
- sympathetic stress response (rapid)
-
the target and effect of the cortisol hormone is..
- whole body
- longer-term stress response, increase in blood glucose levels, increase in protein catabolism, decrease in inflammation and immunity
-
the target and effect of the aldosterone hormone is..
- kidney
- increases sodium reabsorption to increase the blood pressure
-
an adrenal tumor can overproduce ________ causing masculinization or feminization.
sex steroids
-
insulin is absent or ineffctive in ...
diabetes mellitus
-
the target and effect of the insulin hormone is..
- whole body
- decreases glucose levels in blood and increases glycogen and fat storage
-
the target and effect of the glucagon hormone is..
- whole body
- increases blood glucose levels and decreases glycogen and fat storage
-
the target and effect of the somatostatin hormone is..
- whole body
- inhibits many digestive processes
-
the target and effect of the testosterone hormone is..
- whole body
- male characteristics, spermatogenesis
-
the target and effect of the estrogen hormone is..
- whole body
- female characteristics and endometrial growth
-
the target and effect of the progesterone hormone is..
- whole body
- endometrial secrection, pregnancy
-
the target and effect of the atrial natriuretic factor hormone is..
- kidney
- increse urination to decrease blood pressure
-
the target and effect of the erythroprotein hormone is..
- bone marrow
- increase RBC synthesis
-
the levels of skin from outside to inside are...
- epidermis
- dermis
- hypodermis = (subcutaneous tissue)
-
the epidermis is composed of ...
stratified squamous epithelial cells
-
new skin cells regenerate at the...
stratum basale
-
keratin helps make the skin...
waterproof
-
melanin is produced by cells called...
melanocytes
-
the dermis contains...
blood vessels, tissue matrices, sensory receptors, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands and hair follicles
-
ceruminous glands are...
wax glands (ear wax)
-
sweat glaands are responsive to ...
aldosterone
-
humans are ___________, meaning their body temp is relatively constant
homeotherms
-
body heat is generated by...
metabolic processes and muscle contraction
-
homeotherms can increae their body temperature by burning special fat called...
brown adipose tissue
-
four main ways to produce body heat are...
- 1) contraction of skeletal muslces
- 2) skin insulation
- 3) constriction of blood vessels in the dermis = (cutaneous vasoconstriction)
- 4) external protection (clothes, blankets)
-
dissipation of excess heat is accoplished by...
sweating and dilation of blood vessels int he dermis = (cutaneous vasodilation)
-
the Na concentration is higher on the ______ of the cell
outside
-
the K concentration is higher on the ______ of the cell
inside
-
the cell's interior cell is electrically ________ relative to its exterior
negative
-
a neuron's resting potential is...
-70 millivolts
-
the thresold of the action potential in nerve cells are ____ mV
-50mV
-
when the threshold of the action potential in nerves is reached...what happens?
voltage-gated sodium channels open
-
the mV when the nerve channel is inactivated is...
35mV
-
at 35mV in the never cell the ______ opens up.
voltage gated potassium channels
-
the absolute refractory period is...
when the neuron is unsusceptible to additional stimulation
-
the relative refractory period is when
when the neuron is susceptible to additional stimulation but requires a stronger stimulus
-
neurons can conduct impulses faster due to the _______ of their axons
myelination
-
the unsheathed areas on the axons are called....
nodes of Ranvier
-
the neuron that releases neurotransmitters are called..
presynaptic nuerons
-
the neuorons that recieve neurotransmitters are called
postsynaptic neurons
-
the space in between the pre and post synaptic neurons is called..
the synaptic cleft
-
most post synaptic receptors are.....
ligand-gated ion channels
-
ACH triggers skeletal muscle contraction and is degraded by the enzyme..
acetylcholinerase
-
Epineprhine is oxidized and methylated to inactivate ....
metabolites
-
Epineprhine is oxidized and methylated to inactivate metabolites by _______ and ______
- monoamine oxidase (MAO)
- catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)
-
neurons that carry infromation away from the CNS are called...
efferent
-
neurons that carry information to the CNS are called...
afferent
-
The sensory function of the nervous system is carried out by the...
PNS
-
the integrative function of the nervous sytem is carried out by the....
CNS
-
_________ neurons carry information from the CNS to organs
motor
-
the CNS is composed of..
the brain and spinal cord
-
The PNS is composed of...
all nerves and sensory structures outside the brain and spinal cord
-
the PNS is composed of..
the somatic and automatic systems
-
the somatic system involves..
voluntary control of skeletal muscle
-
the autonomic system involves..
involuntary control of glands and smooth muscle
-
the two divisions of the autonomic system are...
the sympthetic and parasympathetic systems
-
the sympathetic system is the
"fight or flight"
-
the parasympathetic system is the...
"rest and digest"
-
the parasympathetic system _______ digestive glands, _______motility and ________sphincters
- stimulates
- stimulates
- relaxes
-
the sympathetic system _______ digestive glands, _______motility and ________sphincters
- inhibits
- inhibits
- contracts
-
the parasympathetic system _________ the bladder and ______ the urethral sphincter
-
the sympathetic system _________ the bladder and ______ the urethral sphincter
-
the parasympathetic system _______ heart rate and contractility.
decreases
-
the sympathetic system _______ heart rate and contractility and _______ blod flow to the skeletal muscle
-
the sympathetic system increases _______ of the skin
sweating and bloodflow
-
the parasympathetic system _____ pupils and makes a _______ accomodation
-
the sympathetic system _____ pupils and makes a _______ accomodation
-
the sympathetic system realeases _______ from the adrenal medulla
epineprhine
-
the parasympathetic system causes ______ in the gentials
erection/lubrication
-
the sympathetic system causes ______ in the gentials
ejaculation/orgasm
-
The major parts of the hindbrain are...
medulla, pons and cerebellum
-
the midbrain is a relay for...
visual and auditory information
-
the major parts of the forebrain are...
- diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
- telencephalon: cerbral hemispeheres, corpus callosum, cerebrum, cerebral crotex
-
the frontal lobe initiates...
all voluntary movement and are involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving
-
the parietal lobes are involved in...
general sensations and gustation
-
the temporal lobes process...
auditory and olfactory sensation and are involved in short term memory
-
the occiptial lobe processes..
visual sensations
-
the speech center of the brain is called ...
broca's area
-
general interpration in the brain is caused by the region called...
wernicke's area
-
the basal nuceli are composed of gray matter and regulate...
body movement
-
the limbic system is located....
between the cerebrum and the diencephalon
-
the limbic systems includes...
the amyglada, cingluate gyrus, and the hippocampus
-
the limbic system is important in...
emotional and memory function
-
the general function for the spinal cord is..
simple reflexes
-
the two sepcific funations of the spinal cord is..
- controls simple stracth and tendon reflexes
- control primitive processes such as walking, urination
-
the general function of the medulla is..
involuntary functions
-
the specifice functions of the medulla is...
- autonomic processes
- controls reflex reactions
- relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus
-
the general function of the pons is..
relay station and balance
-
the specific function of the pons is...
- antigravity posture and balance
- connects spinal corde and medulla with upper regions of brain
- relay info to cerebellem and thalamus
-
the general function of tha cerebellum is
eye movement
-
the specicfic functions of the cerebellum are..
- intergartion of audio and visual info
- visual and auditory reflex
- wakefulness and consciousness
- posture and muscle tone
-
the general function of the thalamus is...
intergrating center and relay station
-
the specific funtions of the thalamus are...
- relay center for somatic (conscious) sensation
- relay info b/t spinal cord and cerebral cortex
-
the general function of the hypothalamus are..
homeostasis and behavior
-
the specific function fo the hypothalmus are..
- homeostasis function
- primitive emotions
- pituitary gland
-
the general function of the basal nuclie is...
movement
-
the specific functions of the basal nuclei are...
- body movement and muscle tone
- learned movement patterns
- general rhythm movements
- subconcious adjustments of conscious movements
-
the general function of the limbic system is...
emotion, memory and learning
-
the specicific functions of the limbic system are...
- emotional states,
- links conscious and unconscious portions of the brain
- memory strage and retrieval
-
the general function of the cerbral cortex is....
preception, skeletal muscle movement, intergration center
-
the general function of the corpus callosum is..
connection of the left and right cerebral hemispeheres
-
the sympathtic system _________ energy
mobilizes
-
the parasymptathetic system _______ energy
stores
-
the sympathetic system's preganglionic soma is located ...
in the thoracolumbar region (thoraic and lumbar spinal cord)
-
the parasympathetic system's preganglionic soma is located ...
in the craniosacral region (brainstem and sacral spinal cord)
-
the sympathetic preganglionic axon length is...
short
-
the parasympathetic preganglionic axon length is...
long
-
the sympathetic ganglia is _____cord, ____target
-
the parasympathetic ganglia is _____cord, ____target
-
the sympathetic preganglionic axon length is...
long (norepineprhine)
-
the parasympathetic preganglionic axon length is...
short (ACh)
-
the main mineralocorticord is...
aldosterone
-
the four mechanoreceptors are...
strecth receptors, tactile receptors, proprioreceptors and auditory receptors
-
two chemoreceptors are...
tatse receptors and olfactory receptors
-
the name of pain receptors are called ....
nocireceptors
-
rod and cones of the eyes are ______ receptors..
electromagnetic
-
auditory hair cells are _____ ... (receptor type)
mechanoreceptor
-
olfactory nerve endings are _______ receptors
chemoreceptors
-
taste cells are _______ receptors
chemoreceptors
-
pacinian caorpuscles are _______ receptors
mechanoreceptors
-
the vestibular apparatus is located in the....
inner ear
-
the external (outer) ear is composed of...
pinna
-
pinna funnels sounds waves into the....
ear canal
-
at the middle ear, soundwaves cause vibartion in the...
tympanic membrane
-
vibration in the tympanic membrane causes what three ear bones to move?
malleus, incus and stapes
-
in the inner ear, sound sets up vibrations in the fluid of the ....
cochlea
-
what causes bending of auditory hair cells in the organ of corti?
cochlea
-
the cochlear and vestibular nerve from the two brances of the ________nerve.
acoustic
-
the acoustic nerve is the ___ cranial nerve
8th
-
whats the path of sound to hearing?
(16)
- sound waves
- auricle
- external auditroy canal
- tympanic membrane
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
- oval window
- perilymph
- endolymph
- basilar membrane
- auditory hair cells
- tectorial membrane
- neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons
- brain
- perception
-
in the eyes, the pathway of light starts with it enetering the...
- cornea
- traverses the aqueous humor
- pases through the pupil
- proceeds through the lens and vitreous humor
- reaches light receptor of retina
-
the retina transmits electric singal to the brain via...
optic nerve
-
the transparent structure of the eyes that focuses light rays on the retina is called the...
lens
-
Myopia is...
nearsightedness
-
hyperopia is...
farsightedness
-
myopia occurs when the lens focuses light from a distant object in _____ of the retina
front
-
hyperopia occurs when the lens focuses light from a nearby object in _____ of the retina
back
-
emmetropia is...
normal vision
-
the pigment that mediates rod reception is...
phodopsin
-
light reception is cones is mediated by...
opsin
-
the colored part of the eye is...
the iris
-
the siris contains muscles that..
dilate and constrict to regulate the amount of light that reaches the retina
-
what changes that shape of the lens as the eye shifts it's focus from distant to nearby objects?
ciliary muscles
-
the pathway of inhaled air is...(10)
- nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
-
the trachea branches into two .....
primary bronchi
-
the larnyx contains...
epiglottis and vocal chords
-
no gas exchange occurs in the terminal bronchioles because...
the smooth muscles of the walls of the bronchioles are too think to allow gas diffusion
-
the pressure in the plueral space of the lungs is called..
pleaural pressure
-
the membrane that lines the surface of the lungs is called..
visceral pleura
-
the memberane that lines the chest cavity is called...
the parietal pleura
-
the pleura space is in between...
the parietal and visceral pleura
-
the steps of inspiration are...
- diaphragm contracts
- volume of chest cavity expands
- pleural pressure decreases
- lungs expand outward
- pressure in alveoli becomes negative
- air enters lungs and alveoli
-
nitrogen makes up ___% of air
80
-
oxygen makes up ___% of air
20
-
water makes up ___% of air
.5%
-
CO2 makees up ___% of air
.04%
-
the strecthing of the lung causes..
inspiration to be inhibited
-
the increase of PCO2 in terms of ventiallation causes..
a decrease in pH via carbonis anhydrased
-
the decrease of pH in terms of ventilation causes...
an increase in respiratory rate
-
the decrease of PO2 causes ..
an incresase in respiratory rate..
-
chemical irritation in terms of ventillation causes...
coughing and/or bronchoconstriction
-
the three different cell types of bones are...
osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
-
the two types of bone marrow are...
red and yellow
-
red bone marros is the site of...
red blood cell and platelet production
-
yello marrow is filled with...
adipocytes (fat cells)
-
what attahces muscles to bones?
tendons
-
osteoblasts synthesizes...
bone until it is surrounded by bone
-
osteoclasts continually...
destroy bones
-
bones destroyed by osteoclasts must be replaced by...
osteoblasts
-
PTH effects bones by..
stimulating osteoclast activity
-
calcitrol effects bones by...
stiumlating osteoclasts activity (minor effect)
-
calcitonin effects bones by...
inhitbiting osteoclast activity
-
tricpes and biceps are _____ to one another
antagonistic
-
thick filaments are not connected to...
the Z line
-
____ filaments are connected to the Z line
thin
-
a single sacromere is..
a segment of muscle fiber between to Z lines
-
the length of a myosin (thick) filament corresponds to...
the A band
-
Tha A band has a fixed lentgh because..
the thick filaments do not contract
-
the given length of a thin filament that does not overlap with any thick filament is called..
the I band
-
in the middle of the sacromere, with only myosin filaments with no overlapping actin is called the...
H zone
-
a bundle or group of skeletal muscles fibers (cells) is called...
a fascicle
-
if the myofiber's troponin complex is exposed to calcium ions, the actin and myosin.....
interact at their crossbridges, the sacromere shortens and the fiber contracts
-
ACh causes muscle ....
contraction
-
at rest, tropomyosin blocks the ____ binding sites
myosin
-
the cell membrane of the muscle cell is called..
sarcolemma
-
the cytoplasm of the muscle cell is called..
sarcoplasm
-
the ER of the muscle cell is called
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-
the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores...
calcium ions
-
the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum is roughly ______ with each other
continous
-
ACh inhibition causes..
paralysis
-
Ca ____ the muscles
relaxes
-
myofibers store small amounts of high energy chemicals called..
phosphocreatinine
-
in smooth muscle cells, ca ions bind to a calcium binding protein called...
calmodulin
-
the calcium-calmodulin complex interacts with a protein called..
myosin light chain kinase
-
myosin light chain kinase directly ______ the mysoin heads.
phosphorylates
-
-
watses that must be execreted in the urine are...
- urea
- sodium
- bicarbonate
- water
-
the main thee goals of the renal system are..
- execretion of hydrophilic wates
- maintenance of constant solute concentration and constant pH
- maintenance of constant fluid volume
-
filtratioon of the renal system is...
the passgae of blood over a filter and being squeezed out into the renal tubule
-
the fluid in the renal tubule is called ____ and goes back into the urine.
filtrate
-
selective reabsorption of the renal system is...
taking back useful items while leaving wastes in the renal tubule
-
the lasts steps of urine formation are..
concentration and dilution
-
purified blood is returned to the circulatory system from the renal system via the large ....
renal vein
-
the larges renal vien empties into the _______ in the heart
inferior vena cava
-
urine leaves each kidney in a .....
uterer
-
urterer from the kidneys empty into the.....
urinary bladder
-
the outer region of the kidneys is called the...
cortex
-
the inner region of the renal system is called the..
medulla
-
the medullary pyramids of the kidneys are...
pyramid shaped striations within the medulla
-
the appaearance of medullary pyramids are due to...
collecting ducts
-
in the kidneys, urine empties from the _______ and leaves the _______ at the top of the pyramid.
-
the tip of the medullary pyramids are called...
papilla
-
each papilla in the kidneys empties into a space called a ...
calyx
-
the calcyes of the kidneys converge to form...
the renal pelvis
-
the renal pelvis is a large space where ____ collects and empties into the ______.
-
the functional unit of the kidneys is the...
nephron
-
blood from the renal artery flows into an ....
afferent atriole
-
afferent atrioles branch into a ball of capillaries known as...
glomerulus
-
blood flows from the glomerulus into an..
efferent atriole
-
constriction of the efferent atrioles causes high blood pressure in the ..
glomerulus
-
high pressue in the glomerulus causes blood plasma to leak out of the....
glomerulus capillaries
-
the fluid passes through the glomerulus capillaries through to a filter called...
glomerular basement membrane
-
the fluid that eneters the glomerular basement membrane also enter ...
Bowman's capsule
-
the loop of henle is a _____multiplier
countercurrent
-
the significance of the loop of henle is..
that the ascending and descending linbs go in opposite directions and have different permeabilities
-
the loop of henle makes the medulla very....
salty
-
the loop of henle makes the medulla very salty, which facilitates water reabsorption for the....
collecting duct
-
the kidney is able to make urine with a much higher osmolarity than plasma because of...
the loop of henle
-
calcitonin's source in the renal system is...
C cells
-
-
pathway of food, from the mouth to the sphincter..
mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, tranverse colon, descending colon, rectum, sphincter
-
salivary amylase initiates..
the digestion of starch, glycosidc bonds to produce component sugars
-
peristalis
squeezing of circuluar and longitudnal muscles to get food down esophagus
-
pepsin is secreted by ...
chief cells
-
the ____ nerve stimulates the production and secretion of HCl.
vagus
-
the pancreatic lipase serves in the enzymatic breakdown of ...
fats
-
trypsin and chymotrypsin and the two most important ______ enzyme in the GI tract.
protein-digesting
-
poteolytic means...
protein-digesting
-
peyers patches are a part of the...
immune system
-
____ are microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestines..
villi
-
______ are microscopic folding of the cell membranes of indivial intestinal epithelial cells
microvilli
-
the villus contains small lymphatic vessels called...
lacteals
-
peyers pacthes are...
collections of lymphocytes
-
the villus is a...
finger like projection of the wall off the gut in the lumen
-
bile is produced in the ____ and stored in the ______.
-
bile acts an an...
emulsifier
-
an emulsifier (bile) helps to..
seperate large globules of fat molecules into smaller one to inscrease the surface area for the action of lipase
-
bile enters the midsection of the duodenum via...
the common bile duct
-
the liver converts glucose into...
glycogen
-
the liver converts amino acids into...
keto acids and urea
-
the ____valve seperates the ileum from the cecum
ileocecal
-
intrinsic factor is..
a glycoprotein secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach
-
the appendix is a...
finger like appendage of the cecum
-
colonic bacteris supplies us with...
vitamin K
-
vitamin K is required for...
blood coagulation
-
the prostate and bulbourethral glands are ______ glands.
accessory
-
the epididymis is...
a long coiled tube located on the back of each testicle
-
the site of spermatogenesis is...
the seminiferous tubules
-
the walls of the seminiferous tubules are formed by cells called..
steroli cells
-
steroli cells, protect and nuture developing....
sperm
-
leydig cells are responsible for..
androgen (testosterone) synthesis
-
the urethra is the...
tube inside the penis
-
the epididymis empties into..
a ductus deferens
-
ductus deferens leads into ...
the urethra
-
the ingunal canal is..
a tunnel that travels along the body wall toward the hip bone
-
the ductus defrens join the seminal vesicles to form..
the ejaculatory duct
-
the ejaculatory ducts from btoh sides join the...
urethra
-
MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor) is produced by ______ and causes....
- the testes
- regression of the mullerian ducts
-
the innermost lining of the uterus is the...
endometrium
-
the thick layer of smooth muscles that surround the endometrium is called the..
myometrium
-
each uterine tube ends in a bunch of finger like structures called...
fimbriae
-
the fimbriae brush up against the...
ovary
-
female lubrication is secreted by the ____ glands
greater vestibular
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