mo100

the structures outside the eyeball: includes the orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus

the bony cavity of the skull that contains and protects the eyeball and its associated muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.

aka eye socket

the angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet

where the eyelids meet nearest the nose

a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose

where the eyelids meet farthest from the nose

the framework within the upper and lower eyelids that provides the necessary stiffness and shape 

the transparent mucous membrane that lines the underside of each eyelid and continues to form a protective covering over the exposed surface of the eyeball

consists of the structures that produce, store and remove tears

secrete lacrimal fluid 

tears

consists of a duct at the inner corner of each eye.  Collect tears and empty them into the lacrimal sacs

an enlargement of the upper portion of the lacrimal duct

the passageway that drains excess tears into the nose

aka the white of the eye

maintains the shape of the eye and protects the delicate inner layers of tissue. Forms the outer layer of the eye

the opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains many blood vessels and provides the blood supply for the entire eye.

the sensitive innermost layer that lines the posterior segment of the eye

makes up the front one third of the eyeball

located behind the cornea and in front of the iris

located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place

the liquid that fills the chambers of the eye

drains and filters the aqueous fluid

where the aqueous fluid drains through after passing through the trabecular meshwork

a measurement of the fluid pressure inside the eye

makes up the remaining two thirds of the eyeball, lined with the retina and filled with the vitreous gel

a soft, clear jelly like mass that contains millions of fine fibers

receptors that receive white and black

receptors that receive color 

a clearly defined yellow area in the center of the retina.  Area of sharpest central vision

the pit in the middle of the macula.  Color area is best in this area because it contains a high concentration of cones and no rods

a small region in the eye where the nerve endings of the retina  enter the optic nerve

aka blind spot

transmits nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

the pigmented layer of the eye; has a rich blood supply and consists of the choroid, ciliary body and iris

located within the choroid, it is a set of muscles and suspensory ligaments that adjust the thickness of the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina

the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances

the simultaneous inward movement of the eyes toward each other

the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

the ability of the lens to bend light rays so they focus on the retina

the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance

drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis

a localized swelling inside the eyelid resulting from obstruction of a sebaceous gland

the eversion of the edge of an eyelid

turning outward

turning inward

the inversion of the edge of an eyelid

a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland

aka a stye

bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera

inflammation of the uveal tract affecting primarily structures in front of the eye

pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury

a benign growth on the cornea that can become large enough to distort vision

an adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure such as the lens or cornea

a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size.  Can be congenital or caused by a head injury, aneurysm, or pathology of the central nervous system

PERRLA (abbreviation that stand for..)

an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball that can be congenital or caused by a neurological injury or drug use.

aka choked disc

swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk

a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision.  Can be detected by the presence of dark spots in the retina

occurs as aging causes the vitreous gel to slowly shrink.  The fine fibers within the gel pull on the retinal surface.  Most cases it isnt sight threatening, but can cause a retinal tear.

a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that cause damage to the retinal nerve fibers and the optic nerve

most common form of this condition.  The trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, and this causes a build up of pressure. Symptoms aren't noticed until optic nerve has been damaged. 

the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork. Produces severe pain, nausea and redness of the ey, and blurred vision.  Can cause blindness in as little as two days.

perception of two images of a single object

blindness in one half of the visual field

color blindness

night blindness

the condition of common changes in the eyes that occur with aging

a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

cross-eyes

walleye, or outward deviation of one eye relative to the other

a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not  bend light so that is focuses properly on the retina

any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly  on the retina.
Astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia are all forms

a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

farsightedness;  light rays focus beyond the retina

nearsightedness; light rays focus in front of the retina

a dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, esp in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye

blind spot; an abnormal area of absent or depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision

used to measure visual acuity

an examination procedure to determine an eye's refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed

the unit of measurement of a lens' refractive power

a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye

the measurement of intraocular pressure

the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye.  Causes a corneal abrasion to appear bright green

a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium

performed to determine losses in peripheral vision

surgical procedure to treat myopia, where incisions are made in the cornea to cause it to flatten.

the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract.

an eye in which the natural lens has been replaced with an intraocular lens

uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of they

used to treat open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly

the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels

aka the auricle; the external portion of the ear

transmits sound waves from the pinna to the tympanic membrane of the middle ear

earwax

eardrum

hollow air spaces located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone

three small bones found in the middle ear; ransmit the sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear by vibration

hammer

anvil

stirrup

narrow tubes that lead from the middle ear to the nasal cavity and the throat

labyrinth; contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance

located under the base of the stapes; the membrane that separates the middle and inner ears. 

snail shaped fluid filled structure that forms the inner ear

fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it

receives the vibrations from the cochlear duct and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers

these contain the liquid endolymph and sensitive hair-like cells. Help maintain equilibrium.

transmit information to the brain from the semicircular canals, to ensure that equilibrium is maintained

the process by which sound waves enter the ear through the pinna

occurs as the eardrum vibrates and moves the auditory ossicles

occurs when sound vibrations reach the inner ear.  The structures of the inner ear receive the sound waves and relay them to the auditory nerve to go to the brain

swimmer's ear; a fungal infection of the external auditory canal

distention of the eustachian tube

associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in young children. Can lead to a ruptured eardrum

fluid build up in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the eustachian tube

a buildup of pus within the middle ear due to infection

a rare chronic disease in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss and tinnitus

a ringing, buzzing or roaring sound in one or both ears

a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid filled inner ear.

nerve deafness; develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged

the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness

use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity

measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is

commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of a sound

use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore hearing