Primary: sanitation, vaccine, protective workplace equipment, surveillance; Secondary; Isolation, chlorination of clothing, PEP (antibiotics); Tertiary: Isolation of corpses, sIte containment and cleanup
Scalp Ringworm: Affects __-__% of children in the U.S., mostly ______. Primary mode of transmission is in _____. ___% of all positive cases are asymptomatic.
Primary: school programs. Secondary: Anti- fungal meds and therapies. Tertiary: monitoring of anti- fungal medication side effects
____ disease pathogens account for nearly all airborne disease in the U.S.
20
T/F Smaller sneeze droplets (in microns) are more dangerous as more remain in air for longer.
True
Rank the following (from shortest to longest) in terms of persistence on air: Bacteria, spores, viruses
Bacteria, viruses, spores
Rank the following (from most to least) in terms of efficacy of removing spore levels from environment.
A/C, mechanical ventilation (fans), natural ventilation (open windows), outdoor air
Indirect modes of transmission
Bloodborne (HIV, Hep B, Hep C); Food and Waterborne (cholera, salmonella, typhoid, botulism. hep A, polio)
_____ and _____ have the highest incidences of foodborne illness. _____ (2) Have the lowest
restaurants and homes; cafeterias, resorts
Hepatitis B: ___% of all humans are HBV+, __-__% have chronic, symptomatic HPV. ___ annual deaths/ 100,000 in U.S./ Worldwide
30; 2-8; 2
Hepatitis B: Main transmission methods (4)
IV drug use, unprotected sex, blood transfusion, perinatal transmission (HBV+ mothers have a 20% chance of transmitting to child. CHild has 5% chance of clearing infection)
Prim: Vaccination, sex and drug education, blood transfusion screening, anti- viral prophylactics for pregnant women; Secondary: at- risk screening, early antiviral treatment, co- morbidity treatment; Tert: viral load testing, anti- viral treatments, substance abuse control and liver health management
Hepatitis C: ____ cases worldwide, ___ new cases/ year worldwide, ___ cases in U.S.
200 million, 3-4 million, 4 million
Hepatitis C: Leading cause of _____ and ____
liver cancer and liver transplants
Hepatitis C: ____ co-infection with HIV, ____ of prisoners are positive, ___ of cases in U.S. have been incarcerated
35, 35, 84
Hepatitis C: Sources of infection (top 3)
IDU (60%), sexual (15%), Transfusion (before screening) (10%)
Prim: Vaccination, Sex and drug education, screening of blood transfusions, anti- viral prophylactics for pregnant women; Secondary: at- risk screening, early antiviral treatment, co- morbidity treatment; Tertiary: viral load testing, anti- viral treatments, substance abuse control and liver health management
Methods of Indirect (transcutaneous) Transmission (4)
Insects, Animal bite, Latrogenic (in hospital), self- injeced
Rabies: _____ annual human deaths, __ in Asia, __ in Africa
55,000; 31,000; 24,00
Rabies: Global epidemic in ____, ____ discovered vaccine, which is now ____. Lack of ___ in East Asia has led to increased incidence, led to development of ___ policy
1800s; Louis Pasteur; routine for children and animals in developed countries; animal control; one dog policy (2006)
Ebola: Mission Hospital founded by ___ in ____, served ____ including ____
Belgians; 1935; primary source of medical care for 60,000 people; travelers from outlying areas- active prenatal care unit
Ebola: Sequence of events
Health ministry dispatch epidemiologists and microbiologists to region; 11/17 of hospital staff have died, entire Bumba Zone is quarantined; liver specimens reveal unknown virus, international commission is formed- 500 possible cases identified, link found between exposure to Yambuku Hospital and hemorrhagic fever
Ebola: Most effects people in ____ age
middle (15-49)
Ebola: Identified cause
Non- sterile injection conditions at Mission hospital
