soc chapter 2

a framework that can be used to comprehend and explain events

a set of principles and definitions that tell how societies operate and how peopel in them relate to one another and respong to their surroundings

the contribution part of a society makes to order and stability within the society

intended or anticipated effects th part of a society has on order and stabilty within the society

unintended or unanticipated effects tht part of a society has on order and stability within the society

disrupted consequences to society or to some seqment in society

a parts anticipated disruptions to order and stability

unintended, unanticipated distruptions to order and stability

an explanation that members of dominant groups give to justify their actions

everyday event in which two eopel cimmunicate, interpret, and respond to each others words and actions

any kind of physical phenomenon to which people assign a name, meaning or value

a data gathering and data explaining enterprise governed by strict rules

techniques that sociologists and other investigators use to formulate or answer meaningful research questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret data in ways that allow other researchers to verify th results

an appoach to data collection in which knowledge is gained through obersavtion and its truth is confirmed through verification

a stance in which researchers personal, or subjective, views do not influence thier observations or the outcome of their research

thinking and communication tools used to give and recieve comples information efficiently and to frame and focus observatons

a plan for gathering data that specifies who or what will be studied and the methods of data collection

the procedures a researcher follows to father relevant data

materials or other forms of physical evidence that yield information about human activity

written or printed materials used in research

settings that have borders or that are set aside for particular activities

all related and unrelated persons who share the same dwelling

groups of 2 to about 20 people who interact with one another in meaningful ways

the total number of individuals, traces, documents, territories, households, or groups that could be studied

portions of the cases from a larger population

a type of sample in which every case in the population has an equal chance of being selected

a type of sample in which those selected for study have the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it is selected

a complete list of every case in a population

a set of questions given to respondents who read the instrictions and fill in the answers themselves

face to face or telephone concersations between an interviewer and a respondent, in which the interviewer asks questions and records the respondents answers

an interview in which the wording and sequence of questions are set in advance and cannot be changed during the interview

an interview in which the question and answer sequence is spontaneous, open-ended and flexible

a research technique in which the researcher watches, listens to, and records behavior and conversations as they happen

a research technique in which the researcher observes study participants without interacting with them

a research technique in which the researcher observes study participants while directly interactiong with them

a phenomenon in which research subjects alter their behavoir when they learn they are being observed

data thathave been collected by other researchers for some other purpose

any trait or characteristic that can change under different conditions or that consists of more than one category

the varaible to be explained or predicted

the variable that explains or predicts the dependent variable

a trial explanation put forward as the focus of research; it predicts how independent and dependent variables are related and how a dependent variable will change when an independent variable changes

clear, percise definitions and instructions about how to observe and or measure the variables under study

the extend to which an operational definition gives consistent results

the degree to which an operational definition measures what it claims to measure

the extent to which finding can be applied to the larger population from which a sample is drawn

a mathematical representation that quanifies the extent to which a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable

a correlation that is coincidental or accidental because the independent and dependent variables are not actualy related; rather some third variable related to both of them makes it seem as though they are

variables suspected of causing spurious correlations

any physical trait that s biological in origin and or cannot be changed, to which people assign overwhelming sigificance