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What is flavor derived from?
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What four things do we use our senses of taste and smell for?
- to decide what and whether to eat
- to decide whether we will care for our young
- to decide whether and with whom to mate
- to assert our claim on territory
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Where does the olfactory epithelium exist?
In a very small portion above the nasal conchae
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What three things help us to determine the difference between OEp (olfactory epithelium) and CEp (ciliated epithelium)?
- OEp have:
- 1. large nerve bundles beneath the epithelium
- 2. serus glands to wash away the odors from the OEp
- 3. mucus glands to secrete mucus, which provides a medium for particles to dissolve in
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What kind of cells make up the OEp: squamous, cubiodal, columnar?
None, we don't classify it
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What are the 5 types of cells that exist in the OEp?
- Nerve cells
- Supporting Cells
- Stem Cells
- Glands
- Nerve Cell Bundles
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What do olfactory nerve cells have on their apical end to enhance olfaction?
- 9 +2 microtubule-arranged immotile cilia (b/c they are w/o certain accessory proteins)
- form dendritic like arrangement on the end of the olfactory cell
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What three things make the olfactory nerve cell really unique?
- 1. They are the only nerve cell to serve both functions of recieving and transmitting the neural signal.
- 2. They have stem cells that allow regeneration of neurons
- 3. Each cell only does one smell. Therefore sense is hard-wired in the sensory organ and doesnot really have to be processed like all the other senses
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How often do olfactorary neurons regenerate?
Why must they regenerate so often?
- days to weeks
- b/c of viruses, toxic particles, bacteria
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Approximately how many receptor genes are there?
1000
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What is the reasoning behind the one receptor type for each olfaction neuron cell?
b/c olfaction was first sense to develop evolutionarily, most primative
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What type of receptors do most olfactorary cells have on them?
- G-protein coupled receptors
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What is a glomerulus?
- Where several of the same receptor type neurons synapse
- Side Note: it's pretty amazing that they are able to do this considering all the challenges they face
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What parts of the body are taste buds/papillae located on?
- the tongue
- epiglottus
- palate
- pharynx
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What are the 3 types of papillae?
- circumvallate
- foliate
- fungiform
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Where are the gustation cells located in papillae?
- in fungiform: on the top of the papillae
- in foliate and circumvallate: on the sides of the papillae
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What are the 3 types of cells in tastebuds?
- supporting cells
- receptor cells
- stem cells
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How do taste cells stain?
Lighter
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Where do the central processes of taste nerves enter and terminate at?
They enter in the solitary tract and terminate in the rostral solitary nucleus
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What are the five different types of taste receptors?
- Salt
- Acids
- Sweet
- Bitter
- Umami
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What type of receptors do salt receptors have?
Na+ channels
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What type of receptors do acid/sour cells have?
H+
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What type of receptors do sweet and/or bitter cells use?
G-coupled protein receptors
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What do the so-called Umami receptors detect?
glutamate
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How does the map of different taste sensations of the tongue look?
it doesn't, no such map exists!!!!!
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