Biology final

2 recessive alleles (Purebred) rr

Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

• Bleeding disorder
• X-Y
• X-X-

Traits that express themselves (will show up)

• Polymerase chain reaction
• makes millions of copies of DNA sequences

Insert human DNA into bacteria (example- human insulin)

• Heterozygous "blending" of dominant and recessive traits.
• Example: RR rr

•     R    R
• r  Rr   Rr

r  Rr   Rr

(Watson & Crick) nucleotides form rungs of ladder with phosphate & ribosome sides.

Coed for certaom traots

same genes with different traits

Genetic relationship in families

Any number other than 46 (in humans)

In heterozygous, both traits are expressed

Dominant traits will express themselves

must have both recessive alleles

• XX     Normal female
• X-X    Female carrier
• X-X-   Afflicted female

• X-Y    Afflicted male
• XY     Normal male

Traits carried on chromosomes

is a gene code

Part of a chromosome is missing

How genotype espresses itself (what it looks like)

Mutations crossing over selective breeding

XYY

Traits are carried on the X chromosome

Part of the chromosome is reversed

Bases need to form a complimentary strand. DNA polymerase splits the DNA into two separate strands of base pairs

aa

• one dominant and on recessive allele
• Rr
• Hybrid

DNA bearing units (Rings) that lie outside of the bacterial chromosomes used to incorporate DNA sequences

Genes carry codes that produce traits in the organism

• A-T
• T-A
• G-C
• C-G

alteration of the chromosome bases

Serious disorders or abnormalities caused by genes

Separation of alleles. Occurs during meiosis

Extra or to few. Occurs in meiosis. Can result in some degree of mental retardation and increase risk of diseases and defects.

XXX

• XX Female
• XY Male

deoxyribonucleic acid

XO

• Sun exposure
• exposure to cold

X-Y or X-X-

• 2 dominant alleles
• RR
• pure bred

only show up if both recessive alleles are present

Consummers (Can't make their own food)

• Producers at the base.
• Most energy goes to the producers and energuy is lost through the food chain
• Biomass- total amount of living material

Group of organs performing specific functions

living things

Interbreeding group of organisms

Live in a specific area and eat specific organisms

• S-Shaped
• Population stays fairly constant

factors that can limit population growth

particles suspended in the air

• Roles! Producers
•           Consumers
•           Decomposers

One condition is changed

• Terrestrial-Land
• Tundra- Permafrost
• Taiga- Coniferous forest
• Temperate forest- deciduous forest maple and oaks
• Deserts- little rain with extreme temps

Process where food is converted into energy

A variety of living organisms on the planet including their genes, ecosystems, and community interactions.

• Clear lakes & streams
• Spring fed
• little polution
• constant water flow

Species that entirecommunities depend on

As the population increases, so do the problems. Food supply will run out for humans.

Depend on one another

• Liquid feeders- blood and nectar
• waste feeders- scavengers eat what they don't kill

• Wind
• Dams
• solar
• trees
• Garbage burning
• cuclear fusion

Blending in to avoid detection

Numberical observations

• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Experiment
• Conclusion

Density dependent. Population size limited by carring capacity. Late loss

Opportunistic species. Population size limited by reproductive rate. Has an early loss.

• More prey- more parasites
• They don't kill their prey

A group of the same species in a given area.

Nongreen plants that feed on dead and decaying materials

• Producers 1000
• 1st          100
• 2nd          10
• 3rd          .1

Looks similar to another species which is usually poisonous so that it won't be preyed on.

predictable change within a community over time. Takes 100s of years

only the variable being tested is changed

both organisms benefit from the relationship

Neither the test subject or the administraters know who is the experimental or control gourp

How many different species there are

Kills and eats its prey

leads to habitat destruction. Rapid pace of golbal warming taxes abilities of species to adapt to the changing conditions through natural selection.

Environment an organism lives in

eats plants and meat

• K
• Maximum population density that an area can support

• ability to maintain a constant internal state.
• Endotherms- Warm blooded
• Ectotherms- Cold blooded

The study of the environment

Algae and fungue together. One makes food through sunlight the other protects and anchers.

Giant algae that grows a foot a day

All variables not being tested remain constant

the more diverse the community the more there is to feed off of.

C6H12O6+O2->CO2+H2O+ATP

Eat plants. Primary consumers, leaf eaters, seed, fruit and berry eaters.

Layer of O3 filters out UV rays.

• pH of 3.5-5.5 is NORMAL
• pH of acid rain is 6-7
• Created by nurning of fossil fuels when sulfur dioxide combines with water it creates sulfuric acid. Nitrous oxide+H2O creates nitric acid

• C Carbon
• H Hydrogen
• O Oxyger
• N Nitrogen

Pesticide amounts increase through a food chain increase in the parts per millions. Pesticides are stored in fat.

one benefits and one is unaffected.

Producers. Plants. Photosynthetic.

certain species are more common

Quicker than primary succession. Usually takes 10s of years rather than 100s

Feeds on and kills its prey

Group of populations (living things) in a given area.

Species not native to the territory.

• N2-> Nitrates.
• Legumes have nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots.

• Fossil fuels- Produce CO CO2 SO2 NO2 and particulates
• Nuclear power- fission radioactive wastes

Bacteria becomes more resistant because change occurs for the organism to survive

• Nonliving factors
• Air
• Sun light
• Temp
• Water

2 or more atoms combined

Smallest particle of matter

small functional parts of a cell (Ribosomes)

interaction of a community and its surroundings

Basic unit of live

group of similar cells

group of similar tissues that perform a certain function

living portion of earth. Contains biomes (Major climate zones)

• dead decaying organisms, feces, and urine.
• Protien is broken by bacteria and creates ammonia.

brackish water high in nutrients. Salt and fresh waters.

Nitrifying bacteria. Ammonia (NH4) turns to Nitrates (NO3)

• Environmental changes
• Natural disasters

Denitrifying bacteria nitrates (N2)

increased humus, vegetation, sewage, high pollution

oxidized nitrogen and sulfur relesed by burning fossil fuels leads to acid rains.

Keystone species affects all other populations within the ecosystem

• Larger - - > Smaller
• C12H22O11+H2O---> C6H12O6+C6H12O6

Elements lose or gain electrons and become ions

High energy bonds

• Chemical energy
• Wave Lengths
• Longest is red
• Shortest is violet

amount of heat needed to raise 1000 grams of water to 1 degree celsius

• A-P~P~P-> last bond breaks
• A-P~P  ~P  drains of energy
• -P
• A-P~P (ADP)
• Recharge ~P by adding food energy
• Reconnect with A-P~P
• A-P~P~P

3 fatter acids, glycerol, and 3 water molecules

Stacks of membranes that absorb light energy

1

7

8

Xanthophylls

Fatty acids

6

Glycogen is stored in the muscles and liver.

a peptyde bond

Thylakoids

triglycerides

Sterols

Water has a high specific heat, meaning it takes a lot of energy to change water temp.

cellular respiration and phosynthesis to produce ATP

Organic catalysts speed up breaking down of food. Ends is ASE

without O2, glycolysis, fermentation

single element the nuclei contains the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons.

Glycerold + 3 fatty acids

double bond

Carbohydrates

single bond

• Fluid
• Light independent reactions

• End in "ase"
• are proteins
• are never used up
• never change chemically
• are specific

How well some thing dissolves

Water

Amino acids

polysaccharide

Sucrose

carbs

where enzymes fit into a substance

Energy to start a reaction. Potential to kinetic

light->Glucose->ATP

Speeds up a reaction and lowers the activation energy required to start a reaction

• C H O N P
• DNA RNA
• Nucleotides/ ribose/ phosphates

• Sugars and starches used for evergy containing 4 calories per gram. Contains CHO.
• Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Glycogen & Cellulose

• Albumin
• Keratin
• Collagen

• COOH
• Lipids and protiens

• Baking soda NaOH
• Neutralize excess acid to create pH7

• pH of 7
• H+ = OH
• water
• blood
• saliva

growth, maintenance and repair

Joining of amino acids

• Protons in cucleus (+)
• Neutrons in nucleus
• Electrons in orbitals energy levels

• 1st shell can hold 2 electrons
• 2nd can hold 8
• 3rd can hold 8-18

stored in chemicals... duh

• PO4 In nucleic acids
• DNA
• RNA

• Many sugars.
• Starch in breads, potatos, and grains.
• Glycogen is stored glucose in muscles and liver
• cellulose in cell walls
• test for it using iodine

Any chemical compound containing a NH2 unit

• CHO
• 9 calories per gram
• fats, waxes and oils
• used for energy storage, isulation and padding
• test using Sudan3

Water

CO2 C6H12O6

HCl

C12H22O11

Absorb energy and gets cooler

• CO2->ATP
• Light independent
• produces sugar

Same formula, different arrangment

Substance being broken down

Contains chlorophyll

energy of motion

any chemical compound containing a COOH unit

are stored in plants unsaterated oils

repeating monomers (Chains)

• Lysine
• alanine
• argenine

• pH 1-6 H+ ions (Hydrogen ions)
• sour taste
• urine 5.5
• sweat 5.5
• soda 3.5
• gastric juice 2.0

NH3 NH2 (In proteins)

Number of protons

• From smaller to bigger
• C6H12O6+C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11+H2O

carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

breaks down fat

• Polysaccharides
• CHO

iodine

Biuret

• Fats
• waxes
• oils
• adipose

• Sudan 3
• Brown paper

Protons + neutrons

Contains carbon

different # of nutrons

• Carbon
• oxygen
• sodium
• magnasium
• calium
• iron
• hydrogen
• nitrogen
• sulfer
• potassium
• phosphorus
• chlorine

Double sugars

Give plants support and strength becauseglucose units bond as polymers

water is attracted to water

• surface tension attraction tension
• water to water

• energy storage
• insulation
• padding

4

phospholipids

green pigment traps light

Carotenes

release of energy, heat, gas, bubbles

CO2+H2O+LIGHT->C6H12O6+O2

• with O2
• Kreb's
• electron transport

stored energy

Shared electrons

• Alkaline
• pH 8-14
• OH-ions
• bitter taste
• bile 8
• ammonia 11.5
• bleach 12.5
• pancreation juice 8