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Define "intelligence"
Knowledge = experience + skills
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What is the "nativist view of intelligence"?
Intelligence or cognitive phenomena are inborn (biological programming)
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Who focused on intelligence versus intelligent behavior?
Sternberg
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Define "field dependence"
Learners are more attentive to external references
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Define "field interdependence"
Learners tend to be autonomous in learning
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Explain "low-effort syndrome"
No matter how hard I try I will be held back (playing the victim)
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What are the two types of reasoning?
formal and mathematical (or empirical)
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Define "formal reasoning"
Abstract analysis of premises --> conclusions
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Define "empirical reasoning"
Everyday experiences
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Define "sociology"
Study of societies
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What are the two levels of study of sociology?
Macro and Micro
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Define "macro sociology"
Broad features of society (i.e. social class). How groups are related to one another.
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Define "micro sociology"
Social interaction, what we do when we get together
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Define "culture"
Encompasses ideals and behaviors that determines who we are
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What are three types of status?
- 1. Achieved
- 2. Ascribed
- 3. Master
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Define "achieved status"
Status that is voluntary and accomplished
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Define "ascribed status"
Status that one is born into (e.g. race, sex, ethnicity)
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Define "master status"
Status that can be achieved or ascribed, but cuts across other statuses (e.g. gender [ascribed] or wealth [achieved])
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Define "status inconsistency"
Statuses outside the prescrived norm
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What are the six types of society?
- 1. Hunting & gathering
- 2. Pastoral
- 3. Agricultural
- 4. Industrial
- 5. Post-industrial
- 6. Horticultural
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Define "hunting & gathering society"
Society compossed of hunters & gatherers
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Define "pastoral society"
Society compossed of herders. Found primarily in areas of low rainfall that prevented crop growth.
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Define "agricultural society"
Society founded on advanced agricultural techniques allowing for expanded cultural aspects (e.g. music, art, etc)
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Define "industrial society"
Society with abundant surpluss brought about by industry
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Define "post-industrial society"
Society focuses/comprised on information & change
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Define "horticultural society"
Society characterized by older women, planting, gardening hats & gloves
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What are the two shifts in relationships?
Gemeinschaft (GEM) and Gesellschaft (GES)
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Define "gemeinschaft"
Intimate community / relationships. Everyone knows everyone else and has personal ties
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Define "gesellschaft"
Impersonal associations
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Give a characteristic of Amish communities
At age 13yr old they stop school and are considered to be adults
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Define "dramatergy"
Life like a soap opera
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How many distance zones are there?
four
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What are the four distance zones?
- 1. Intimate 0-18 inches
- 2. Personal 18 inches - 4 feet
- 3. Social 4-12 feet
- 4. Public 12 feet and out
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What are the two types of role conflictions?
Role conflict and role strain
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Define "role conflict"
Conflict between roles
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Define "role strain"
Conflict within a role
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Define "ethnomethodology"
Study of how people use common sense understandings to make sense of life
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Explain the "Thomas Theorem"
The definition of the situation. if the situations is defined as real, then the consequences of the actions are real, too.
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Define "group"
People belonging together and interacting with one another
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Deinfe "aggregate"
People sharing a space, but who don't consider themselves belonging together
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Define "category"
Statistic of people who share similar characteristics
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Who focused on the "Small World Phenomenon"
Stanley Milgram
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What is another name for the "Small World Phenomenon"?
Six degrees of seperation
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Define "primary group"
Base group, provides identity, and feeling of who we are
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Define "secondary group"
Broader categories, more impersonal, larger
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Define "voluntary group"
Made of volunteers witha mutual interest
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Define "in-group"
A group to which you feel loyalty
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Define "out-group"
A group to which you feel antagonism
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Define "reference group"
A group against which you refer to when evaluating yourself
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What is the "Peter Principal"?
That people are promoted to their highest level of incompetence
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What is a dyad?
The smallest possible group of people, made of only 2 people
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What is a triad?
A group of 3 people.
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Define "folkways"
Routine, unspoken conventions of behavior, culturally driven, rarely made into laws (CULTURE)
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Define "mores"
Norms with a strong moral significance, often made into laws (MORALS)
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Define "taboos"
Prohibitions viewed as essential to the well-being of humanity. Unthinkable, beyond comprehension. Most always a law, unless it's just too nasty to conceive of needing a law (LAW BREAKER)
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Define "deviance"
Breaking a social rule, or refusing to follow social rules
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Define "crime"
An act that violates a formal code
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Define "strain theory"
Common goals but unequal means of acquiring them
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Define "broken window theory"
Social controls systematically weaken, and minor acts of deviance spiral into sever crime and socal decay
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Define "control theory"
Weigh an outcome, act accordingly for the desired outcome
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Define "conflict theory"
Using class/race/gender to explain crime
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Define "labeling theory"
Deviance is a process. Labeled by a powerful group
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Define "opportunity theory"
The more opportunities present themselves, the more crimes will be commited
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What are two psychological perspectives?
Relativist and universalist
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Define "relativist perspective"
How you view a psychologoical disorder is relevant to the culture
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Define "universalist perspective"
Viewing of psychological disorders are absolute, regardless of culture
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What are two symptom categories in the field of psychology?
Peripheral and central
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Define "peripheral symptoms"
Culture-specific symptoms of psychology
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Define "central symptoms"
Psychological symptoms recognized in all cultures
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Relativist perspective of psychological disorders corelates to what type of symptoms?
Peripheral
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Universalist perspective of psychological disorders corelates to whcat type of symptoms?
Central
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What is "social class"?
One's monetary status, or category
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What are the five social classes?
- 1. Upper
- 2. Upper middle
- 3. Middle
- 4. Working
- 5. Lower
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Define "functional theory"
Society is stable and orderly, and requires inequality within it (e.g. leaders and worker bees)
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Define "conflict theory"
Conflict and struggle in society over scarce resources.
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What are the three principals of social class?
- 1. Money
- 2. Occupation
- 3. Education
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Deffine "feminist theory"
Defines society thru a gendered prism and emphasizes the patriarchial nature off society. Women struggling for equality.
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What was the significance of the Chicago School?
It was the first university with a Sociology Department
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Define "power elite"
HMFIC's
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Define "equality of results"
Equal sharing of income/material rewards regardless of ability/work/initiative
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Define "equality of opportunity"
Equal sharing of results
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Define "class consciousness"
Class members hold similar economic/political interests that are adverse to other classes.
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