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lazzsant
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What are the two main causes that lead to normochromic, normocytic, erythrocytes with numerous schistocytes?
- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- 1. disseminated intravascular coagulation
- 2. prosthetic valves
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The 9:22 translocation is hallmark for what?
- CML (bcr:aml translocation)
- increase in cells in the granulocytic lineage (PMNs)
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When would ESR be decreased?
IN CHF, sickle cell anemia, or polycythemia
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What are the 3 layers of blood vessels and what do they contain?
- Tunica intima:
- - single layer of endothelial cells with subendothelial w/ loose CT
- Tunica media:
- - concentric layer of smooth muscle
- Tunica Adventitia:
- - longitudinal elastic fibers, collagen I, and fibroblasts.
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If the capillaries do not have a tunica media then what is responsible for the contraction?
Pericytes
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What are the 3types of capillaries and where are they located
1. Continous - muscle, CT, nervous, tissue, exocrine glands
2. Fenestrated - kidneys, endocrine, and intestine
3. Sinusoidal - liver and hematopoeitic organs
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Describe the formation of atherosclerosis?
damage -> LDL accumulates -> macrophages from media to intima eat LDL = foam cells -> release GF and cytokines -> smooth muscle cap formation-> years later cap calcifed and cracked -> clot formation or embolus formation
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What are the 3 integral proteins of RBCs?
- Glycophorins
- Band 3 proteins (HCO3 transport)
- ABO type
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What do agranulocytes give rise to?
Lymphocytes(B cells, T cells, Null cells)
Monocytes
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What are the functions of the granulocyte derivatives?
Neutrophils (attack bacteria)
Eosinophils (parasitic infections)
Basophils (release histamine, heparin, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
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What are the two components of Heme?
Iron and protoporphyrin
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What component of hemoglobin acts as a buffer by binding to H+?
Histidine
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What causes the hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right?
- T state
- increase BPG
- Increase H +
- NO
- increased CO2
- increased temperature
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Describe erythropoisis
proerythroblast -> basophilic erythroblast -> polychromatophilic erythroblast -> orthochromatophilic erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte
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Describe Granulocytopoiesis
Myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte -> band/stab cell -> neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil.
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What are the different parts of the bone marrow?
- Yellow = adipocytes
- Red = blood cells
- storma & sinusoids
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What is the difference between an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction and a delayed hemolytic reaction?
Acute - ABO mismatch -> fever, dyspnea, oliguria, pain at site
Delayed- not ABO involved -> less severe symptoms
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What would the blood smear of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis look like?
They lack the normal concave center.
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What is the intiating event of DIC?
Excessive tissue factor release -> unregulated thrombin generation and compensatory plasmin activation.
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What is multiple myeloma and how does it affect bone?
A plasma cell proliferation that invades and expands bone marrow of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, etc.
In the vertebral column leads to pain and compression fractures.
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What translocation occurs in the follicular type of small cleaved(B-cell) lymphoma?
The translocation 18:14 -> hybrid Ig heavy chain(14)/bcl-2(18) transcript
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