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Constitive activation of Ca2+-sensing receptors in the parathyroid glands causes what?
Low PTH secretion -> hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia
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What are the lab values in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease?
- Increased serum T4
- increased radioactive iodine uptake
- increased resin T3 uptake
- decreased plasma TSH
- increased [thyroglobulin]
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Chronic low levels of magnesium affect calcium levels.
How and Why?
Low levels of magnesium -> low levels of parathyroidism -> low levels of calcium
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A patient presents with hyperthyroidism but with a decreased uptake of iodine. What explains this?
THe patient is taking exogenous thyroxine. TSH is decreased because the increased thyroxine is playing a role in inhihbiting the relaease of TSH.
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What are the 6 functions of prostaglandins?
- Platelet aggregation (PGI2 vs TXA2)
- Vasodilation
- Uterine contraction
- inflammation
- fever
- reduced gastric acid secretion
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What type of hormone is Angiotensin?
- It is a protein hormone that:
- decreases bradykinin
- increases BP
- increases [aldosterone]
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What are some PGE drugs and what are their functions?
misoprostol, dinosprostone, and alprostadil
- USED FOR:
- peptic ulcers
- induction of labor
- 2nd trimester abortions
- open ductus arteriosus
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What is a drug version of prostacyclin and what is its functions?
epoprostenol
- USES:
- pulmonary hypertension
- anticoagulation in hemodialysis
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What drug inhibits COX 3 and what effect does this have?
Acetaminophen -> reduces pain and fever
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What drugs interfere with iodine uptake or trapping?
- Thiocyanate
- nitrate
- pertechnetate
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What are the acidophil of the adenohypophysis?
Somatotrophs and mammotrophs
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What is the best treatment option for a patient that has a deficiency in the hormone that is produced in the supraoptic nucleus?
This is a deficiency in ADH which causes diabetes insipidus. The best treatment is DDAVP because this only has V2 activities without the vasoconstriction of V1
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What is the side effect of the drug that inhibits thyroid peroxidase (slow onset b/c of pool) and inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 ->T3?
- Propylthiouracil
- S/E = agranulocytosis (dramatic decrease in neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
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What are the two causes of goiter of the thyroid gland?
Iodine deficiency -> TSH overstimulation
Graves disease -> ab to receptor
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What is the MOA of metoclopramide?
D2 antagonist so can lead to hyperprolactinemia
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What would a patient with SIADH present with and how do you treat it?
Present with hyponatremia and very small amounts of concentrated urine.
Treatment = Conivaptin (antagonist @ V2 receptors)
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How can Hemoglobin A1c levels be falsely high
Longer RBC life span, such as with iron or vitamin B12/folate deficiency
-
What is the ADA criteria for diabetes?
Fasting > 126mg/dL
2 hour > 200m/dL
-
What is corpora arenacea?
- Brain sand
- landmark outside fo astroglial cells
- CaPO4 and CaCO3
-
How does leptin decrease the levels of adiponectin?
By increasing the levels of TNF alpha and IL-6 which results in a decrease in adiponectin production.
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Why is testosterone levels decreased in MEN1 syndrome?
3 Ps - pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid
hyperprolactinemia causes suppression of gonadotropins and decreased testosterone levels
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What is the difference between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and central hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis - high TSH
central hypothyroidism- low TSH
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Resection of a goiter lead to transient muscle cramps, paresthesia, Trousseau's sign, and Chvostek's sign. Why ?
The parathyroid glands were injured during the resection of the goiter.
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Why would removal of the anterior pituitary result in lowering of blood glucose levels?
Growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone all cause increase in blood glucose.
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