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What is the most sensitive indicator of recent alcohol abuse?
Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases (GGT)
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Why is telomerase targeted by nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
Telomerase is an enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity.
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What is the likely explanation for the following?
abdominal pain and diarrhea
yellow brown urine, WBC 25 cells/hpf w/ gram negative rods
Enteric fistula which points to Crohn Disease (involves entire bowel wall).
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What are risk factors for pigment gallstones?
Hepatic cirrhosis, hemolytic anemias, and liver fluke infection (Clonorchis sinensis)
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Innervation and function:
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatopharyngeous
Palatoglossus
musculus uvulae
- Tensor veli palatini
- - (mandibular V) opens auditory tube
- Levator veli palatini
- - (X) elevates soft palate
- Palatopharyngeous
- - Elevates pharynx
- Palatoglossus
- - (X) elevates tongue
- musculus uvulae
- - (X) elevates uvula
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What is the innervation and function of the genioglossus muscle?
- Hypoglossal nerve
- -> protrusion and depression
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What are the vein anasotmosis seen on the abdomen?
Caput medusa = superficial abdominal veins (caval) & paraumbilical veins
Internal hemorrhoids = Superior rectal vein & inferior rectal vein(caval)
Esophageal varices = esophageal vein & gastric vein (caval)
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What is Menetrier Disease?
Hyperplastic gastropathy characterized by enlarged rugal folds
Increased proliferation of the mucus-producing cells of the stomach -> presents as a protein-losing enteropathy(b/c of increased mucus production)
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What part of the tooth is arises from mesoderm?
Peridontal ligaments (scury)
cementum
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In stimulated secretory flow of the saliva ducts what is the content of the saliva?
Increased Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- with low K+
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What are the risk factors for a malignant tumor composed of glandular structures in the large intestine?
This is colorectal adenocarcinoma
- Risk Factors:
- Ulcerative colitis
- familial polyposis coli, Gardner syndrome, and Turcot Syndrome.
- Diets high in fat and protein and low in fiber.
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What chemicals are responsible for sympathetic hyperpolarization of smooth muscle?
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In terms of stomach secretion how do PGE2 and PGI2 differ?
PGE2 -> cAMP dependent H+ secretion
PGI2 -> mucus and HCO3 secretion and inhibition of H+ secretion
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How does HCO3 get incoporated into the pancreas fluid in the ductule?
- FA and AA -> cholecystokinin -> S cells
- H+ and fat -> S cells
S cells secrete secretin which secrete HCO3-
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What two toxins cause diarrhea by ADP-ribosylating a GTP-binding protein?
- Vibrio cholerae - enterotoxin
- Escherichia coli - heat-labile toxin
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What ligament contains the proper hepatic artery and its branches, the common bile duct and its branches, and the portal vein.
The hepatoduodenal ligament
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After gastric bypass what types of food lead to the dumping syndrome?
- Simple sugars
- large volume of fluids with meals
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