Cardio

Ventricular fibrillation (arrhythmia)

Refers to the partial collapse of airways that occurs during most of the forced expiration. This limits any further increase in the expiratory flow rate by an additional expiratory effort.

• Complex tangles of congenitally malformed vessels
• Usually centers over one of the cerebral hemispheres
• hemorrhage may extend into the subarachnoid space
• present with signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation

A new onset third heart sound = eccentric hypertrophy (systolic HF)

Mitral stenosis

Diastolic pressure + 1/3(pulse pressure)

CO/TPR

Large number and vasoconstrictive properties

Static- old age and brittling of the veins

Dynamic- vasoconstriction of the veins as in exercise

• Fibrous pericardium
• parietal pericardium
• pericardial cavity
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium

Blocked AV -> reentry via bundle of Kent

• Primitive atrium -> roguh part
• right horn of sinus venosus -> sinus venarum

CO = VO2/ (Ca-Cv)

Stroke volume/ End diastolic volume

• Aortic stenosis
• Inc aortic pressure (atherosclerosis)

During isovolumetric contraction, where pressure is increasing but pressure remains the same.

Jugular venous distention, a reflection of right atrial pressure.

Capillaries have the largest total cross sectional area

velocity is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

• Increased pulse pressure
• Diastolic murmur best heard along the lower left sternal border.

• 10 year child with exercise intolerance.
• Systolic murmur midsternum border
• and fixed S2 split