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What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
- Decreases the fluidity --> less deformable
- Also increases the melting temperature.
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What are the phosphate polar groups that make up the phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
- CHOLINE
- 1) phosphatidylcholine
- 2) Sphingomyelin
- NonCholine
- 1) phosphatidylserine (-)
- 2) ehtanolamine
- 3) inositol (cell signal)
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What are the two proteins associated with the plasma membrane and how are they destroyed?
- Integral proteins - detergent
- Peripheral proteins - high salt
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H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+
What causes this shift in the equation?
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Conn's syndrome
- Vomiting
- Lung disease
- Cushing syndrome
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Hydrolysis is exergonic or endergonic?
Hydrolysis is exergonic.
Condensation is endergonic
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What are the 2 stereoisomers?
Diastereomers- Not mirror images with different physical & chemical properties
Enantiomers- Chiral vs achiral mirror images) R & S, and racemic mixtures. Similar chem properties except for light rotation and reactions with chiral.
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What is the innervation for the following muscles?
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid major and minor
- Trapezius - CN XI
- Latissimus Dorsi- Thoracodorsal Nerve
- Levator Scapulae- Dorsal Scapular nerve
- Rhomboid Minor/ Major- Dorsal Scapular nerve
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What are the borders of the suboccipital triangle?
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Which muscle(s) retract scapula and rotate it downwards/ inferiorly, also fixes scapula to thoracic wall?
Rhomboid minor and major.
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What are the layers of muscles overlying vertebral artery?
Splenius capitus and semispinalis capitus
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What are the 6 types of cancers detected with intermediate filaments?
- Keratins -> epithelium
- vimentin -> mesenchymal
- Desmin -> muscles
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein -> Glial
- neurofilaments -> neurons
- nuclear lamins -> nucleus (all. not helpful)
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What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
- Actin filaments
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What is the difference between microtubule growth and actin growth?
Microtubules - grow GTP only at the + end
Actin - grow in treadmill style with ATP
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What RNA molecules are synthesized in euchromatin outside of the nucleoli?
tRNA & mRNA
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How is rRNA synthesized and how is it transported?
- Ran regulation of proteins into nucleoli via basic NLS
- synthesize rRNA
- transported into cytoplasm via hydrophobic NES
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What is the role of nuclear lamina and what is it composed of?
It is composed of intermediate filaments
It binds chromatin & nuclear membrane, plays role in disassembly and strength.
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Small, laminated, concentric, calcific spehrules are found in which 4 neoplasms?
- Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
- Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
- Meningioma
- Mesothelioma
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What is the function of the common fibular nerve?
Sensation of anterior leg and dorsum of foot
Dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot.
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What causes metastatic calcification?
- Hypercalcemia which can be caused by:
- hyperparathyroidism
- hyperthyroidism
- Addison disease
- chronic renal failure
- massive bone destruction(leukemia, metastatic carcinoma, or multiple myeloma)
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