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Abruptio placentae
Premature detachment of the placenta from its place in the uterine wall
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Adnexa uteri
Accessory parts of the uterus; fallopian tubes and ovaries
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Afterbirth
Expelled placenta
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Amnion
Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
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Anovulatory
Not accompanied by ovulation
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Aromatase inhibitors
Drugs to treat ER-positive breast cancer by blocking production of estrogen by inhibiting the enzyme aromatase
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Bartholin glands
Two small mucus-secreting glands near the opening of the vagina to the outside of the body
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Bilateral oophorectomy
Removal of both ovaries
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Cephalic version
Procedure for turning the fetus so that its head it the presenting part to enter the birth canal first
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Cervical erosions
Ulcerations that appear as raw, red patches of the cervical mucosa
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Chlamydial infection
Bacterial infection causing pelvic inflammation in the reproductive tract of women and men
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Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
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Choriogenesis
Formation of the chorion
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Chorion
Outermost membrane surrounding the developing fetus; forms fetal part of the placenta
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Chorionic villus sampling
Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis
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Coitus
Sexual intercourse
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Colposcopy
Visual examination of the vagina and uterine cervix using an optical magnifying instrument called a colposcope
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Conization
Removal of cone-shaped portion of cervix
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Corpus luteum
Yellow glandular mass formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum; secretes progesterone to maintain pregnancy
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Cryocauterization
Use of freezing cold temperatures to burn and destroy tissue
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Cul-de-sac
Region between uterus and rectum
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Culdocentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the cul-de-sac
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Cystadenocarcinoma
Malignant tumor containing fluid-filled sacs and glandular tissue; common in ovaries
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Cystadenoma
Benign tumor of cystic and glandular components; common in ovaries
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Dermoid cysts
Ovarian cysts lined with a variety of cell types
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Dilatation
Widening of a hollow organ
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Dyspareunia
Painful sexual intercourse
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Dystocia
Difficult child birth
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Embryo
Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 6 weeks
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Endocervicitis
Inflammation of inner lining of the cervix
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Endometritis
Inflammation of inner lining of the uterus
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Episiotomy
Incision of vulva to widen the opening of the vagina during a difficult childbirth
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by a blood group incompatibility between the mother and fetus
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Fallopian tube
One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus
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Fetal monitoring
Continuous recording of fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during labor
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Fetal presentation
Manner in which the fetus enters the birth canal
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Fetus
Stage in prenatal development from 6 to 39 or 40 weeks
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Fibrocystic disease
Presence of small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast
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Fibroid
Benign tumors of fibrous and muscular tissue in the uterus; leiomyomas
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell
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Fundus
rounded upper portion
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Corpus
larger central section
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Galactorrhea
Excessive or abnormal secretion of milk after breast-feeding has ended
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Genitalia
Reproductive organs
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Gynecomastia
Female-like breast enlargement on a male
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her-2/neu
Receptor protein found in some breast cancers and signals a high risk of tumor recurrence
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Herceptin
An antibody that binds to and blocks her-2/neu; effective at stopping growth when used with chemotherapy
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
Secreted by the placenta to sustain pregnancy
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Hyaline membrane
Acute lung disease in premature infants; respiratory distress disease syndrome of the newborn
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Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
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Hymen
Mucus membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
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Function of the Bartholin glands
produce a mucus secretion that lubricates the vagina
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What happens in days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
discharge of bloody fluid containing disintegrated endometrial cells, glandular secretions, and blood cells
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What happens in days 6-12 of the menstrual cycle?
Endometrium begins to repair itself, maturing follicle in the ovary releases estrogen which aids in repair, and the ovum grows in the follicle
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What happens in days 13 and 14 of the menstrual cycle?
follicle ruptures and the egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tube
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What happens in days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?
Empty follicle fills with yellow material and becomes corpus luteum, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone into the bloodstream to stimulate the building of the lining of the uterus in anticipation of fertilization of the egg. No fertilization causes the corpus luteum to stop producing progesterone and regress. After 2 days of decrease in hormones, the uterine endometrium breaks down and menstrual period begins again.
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Where does a fertilized egg implant?
uterine endometrium
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what happens in days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle when pregnant?
Fertilized egg travels from fallopian tube to the uterus and implants in the uterine endometrium. The corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone and estrogen to support the vascular and glandular development of the uterine lining
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What is the placenta derived from?
maternal endometrium and the chorion
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What produces hCG?
stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to produce hormones until the 3rd month of pregnancy when the placenta begins to release estrogen and progesterone
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Hysterectomy
Removal of uterus
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Hysterosalpingography
X-ray recording of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
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Hysteroscopy
Visual examination of the uterus
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Intrauterine device
Device inserted into the uterus by a physician to prevent pregnancy
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Involution
Shrinking of the uterus to normal size after childbirth
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Labia majora
Outer lips of the vagina
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Labia minora
Inner lips of the vagina
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Lactogenesis
Production of milk
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Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
Partial hysterectomy that preserves the cervix
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Leiomyomas
Benign tumors of the uterus; fibroids
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Leukorrhea
White vaginal discharge
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Lumen
Cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ
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Luteinizing hormone
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation
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Mammoplasty
Surgical repair of the breast
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Meconium aspiration syndrome
Abnormal inhalation of meconium by a fetus or newborn
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Menometrorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during menstruation and also between menstrual periods
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Menstruation
Monthly shedding of the lining of the uterus; menses
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Metrorrhagia
Bleeding between menstruations
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Mons pubis
A pad of tissue overlying the pubic symphysis; covered with pubic hair after puberty
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Multigravida
A woman who has been pregnant more than once
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Multipara
A woman who has delivered more than one viable infant
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Myomectomy
Removal of muscle tumors (fibroids) from the uterus
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Nullipara
A woman who has never given birth to an infant
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Oogenesis
Production of egg cells
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Oophoritis
Inflammation of ovary
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Ovarian carcinoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary
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Ovarian follicle
Tiny sac in the ovary that contains an egg cell
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Oxytocia
Rapid labor and childbirth
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Oxytocin
Secretion of the pituitary gland causing contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulation of milk secretion from the breast
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Palpation
Process of examining by using hands or fingers on the outside of the body
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Pap smear
Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
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Parturition
Act of giving birth
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, and endocervicitis
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Pelvimetry
Measurement of the dimensions of the female pelvis
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Perineorrhaphy
Suture repair of perineum
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Perineum
Area between anus and vagina in females (between anus and scrotal sac in males)
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Placenta previa
Placental implantation over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterine wall
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Preeclampsia
Abnormal condition of pregnancy marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema
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Primigravida
A woman during her first pregnancy
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Primipara
A woman who has given birth to her first child
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Primiparous
Pertaining to a woman who has given birth to her first child
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Progesterone
Hormone secreted by the ovaries; maintains the lining of the uterus and the placenta during pregnancy
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Pyloric stenosis
Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum in a newborn
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How do reproductive hormones interact?
GnRH leads to an upsurge of FSH and LH. FSH and LH stimulate maturation of the ovum and ovulation. After ovulation, LH influences maintenance of the corpus luteum and its production of estrogen and progesterone
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Hormone interactions during pregnancy
High levels of estrogen and progesterone cause FSH and LH to stop being released.
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How do oral contraceptive pills work?
contain variable amounts of estrogen and progesterone which cause blood levels of these hormones to rise (FSH and LH are not released and ovarian follicles do not mature and ovulation does not occur)
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3 birth control methods?
oral contraceptive pills, subdermal birth control implants, and intrauterine device
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Pyosalpinx
Pus in fallopian tubes
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Radical hysterectomy
Entire uterus with ligaments, supportive tissues, and top 1/3 of the vagina are removed
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Respiratory distress syndrome
Abnormal condition in infants when a protein is missing in the lung tissues; infants has difficult respiratory function; hyaline membrane disease
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Retroversion
Tipping backward of an organ or a part of the body
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Salpingectomy
Removal of fallopian tube
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Salpingitis
Inflammation of fallopian tubes
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Speculum
Instrument to hold apart the vaginal walls
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Tamoxifen
Drug to treat ER-positive breast cancer by directly blocking the ER receptor
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Teratoma
Cyst lined with a variety of cell types and arise from immature egg cells in the ovary; dermoid cysts
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Total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)
Removal of the entire uterus including the cervix through an abdominal incision
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Uterine serosa
Outermost layer surrounding the uterus
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Vaginal hysterectomy (VH)
Removal of the entire uterus through the vagina
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Vaginal orifice
Opening of the vagina to the exterior of the body
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Vaginitis
Inflammation of vagina
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What 5 things does an apgar score determine?
heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli
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Digital tomosynthesis
an x-ray tube moves in arcs around the breast as several images are taken producing clear 3D images
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What causes abruptio placentae?
trauma or secondary vascular insufficiency from hypertension or preeclampsia
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Where do most ectopic pregnancies occur?
90% in fallopian tubes
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Dermoid cyst
Benign cystic teratoma or mature teratoma - lined with a variety of cell types
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What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?
Bacterial infections - gonnorrhea and chlamydial infection
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What causes cervicitis?
bacteria - chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Who commonly gets carcinoma of the endometrium?
Women exposed to high levels of estrogen and in nulliparous women
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Endometrioma
Large, blood-dilled cysts if endometriosis reaches ovaries
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Vulvovaginitis
Inflammation of vagina and vulva
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Zygote
Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to two weeks
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Functions of female reproductive system
produce ova, provide a place for growth of the embryo, and supply important hormones that contribute to development of female secondary sex characteristics
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Function of fimbriae
catch the egg after it is released from the ovary
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Function of cilia in fallopian tubes
sweep ovum through tube (2-3 days per ovum)
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Where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tubes
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Where does growth of the embryo occur?
uterus
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-pareunia
Sexual intercourse
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-parous
Bearing, bringing forth
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BSE
Breast self-examination
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ASCUS
Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (Pap smear is abnormal but does not indicate specific lesion)
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AUB
Abnormal uterine bleeding
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CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
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D&C
Dilation and currettage
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CVS
Chorionic villi sampling
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DCIS
Ductal carcinoma in situ (precancerous breast lesion)
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DES
Diethylstilbestrol - estrogen compound used to treat menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency
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DUB
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
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ECC
Endocervical curettage
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EDC
Estimated date of confinement
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LAVH
Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy
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HDN
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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RDS
Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
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HSG
Hysterosalpingography
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IUD
Intrauterine device; contraceptive
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LMP
Last menstrual period
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LSH
Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy
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TAH-BSO
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
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Para 2-0-1-2
Women's reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children
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TRAM flap
Trans-rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (for breast reconstruction)
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UAE
Uterine artery embolization
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Uterine artery embolization
injection of tiny pellets into uterine artery supplying blood to fibroids in order to block blood flow
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