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Addison disease
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol
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Symptom of Addison disease
Bronze skin color
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Cause of Addison disease
Autoimmune adrenalitis
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Treatment of Addison disease
Daily cortisone administration and intake of salts or administration of a synthetic form of aldosterone
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Adrenal virilism
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
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Symptoms of adrenal virilism
amenorrhea, hirrsutism, and deepening of the voice
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Cause and treatment for adrenal virilism
adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal adenomas/carcinomas, drugs to suppress androgen production and adrenalectomy
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Adrenalectomy
Removal of the adrenal gland
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Adrenaline
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine
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Aldosterone
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance
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Basal Insulin
Delivered by an insulin pump continuously over 24 hours and mimics the normal secretion by the pancreas
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Bolus insulin
Delivered by an insulin pump at mealtimes to cover a specific amount of sugar or starch ingested
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Calcitonin
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood
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Catecholamines
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; such as epinephrine
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Corticosteroids
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; such cortisol and aldosterone
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Cortisol
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells; raise blood sugar
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Cretinism
Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to lack of normal physical and mental growth
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Cushing syndrome
Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, and excess fat deposition in the body
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Symptoms of cushing syndrome
Fullness of face, obesity, excessive fat in thoracic region of the back, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia
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Causes of cushing syndrome
Benign tumor of adrenal cortex, excess ACTH secretion, cortisone-like drugs
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Electrolyte
Substance that, in solution, carries an electric charge
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Estradiol
Estrogen secreted by ovaries
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Estrogenic
Similar to estrogen
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Hyperparathyroidism
exxcessive production of parathormone leading to hypercalcemia
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Cause and treatment of hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid hyperplasia or parathyroid tumor, resection of overactive tissue, bisphosphonates to decrease bone turnover and decrease hypercalcemia
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Hypoparathyroidism
Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leading to hypocalcemia and tetany
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Treatment for hypoparathyroidism
administration of calcium and large quantities of vitamin D to control calcium levels in blood
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Gastroparesis
Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus
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Glucose tolerance test
Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose; oral test
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Glycosylated hemoglobin test
Measures long-term glucose control
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Gonadotropin
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes
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Graves disease
Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis
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Symptoms of Graves disease
High heart rate, high body temperature, hyperactivity, weight loss, diarrhea, exophthalamos
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Treatment for graves disease
antithyroid drugs to reduce the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the gland and administration of radioactive iodine which destroys overactive glandular tissue
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Hashimoto disease
An autoimmune thyroiditis in which antibodies trigger lymphocytes to destroy follicular cells in the thyroid gland leading to hypothyroidism
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Symptoms of hypothyroidism
lower metabolism - fatigue, sluggishness, weight gain and fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature and constipation
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Cause of hypothyroidism
thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, destruction of gland by irradiation
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Hirsutism
Excessive hair growth
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Hypogonadism
Deficient functioning of the gonads
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Hypophysectomy
Removal of the pituitary gland
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Hypophysis
Pituitary gland
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Hypopituitarism
Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
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Intermediate-acting insulin
Peaks at 4-12 hours and lasts 14-24 hours
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Isthmus
Narrow strip of glandular tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland on the ventral surface of the trachea
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Long-acting insulin
Peaks at 1-2 hours and lasts up to 24 hours
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Luteinizing hormone
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates the ovaries to release eggs and produce hormones
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Melatonin
Secreted by the pineal gland and functions to support the body's "biological clock" and is thought to induce sleep
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Metabolic syndrome
Condition closely associated with insulin resistance that may be present 5-10 years before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed
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Mineralocorticoid
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts and water balance in the body; such as aldosterone
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Myxedema
Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults
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What causes myxedmea?
Atrophy of the thyroid gland with no hormone produced
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Symptoms of myxedema
Dry, puffy skin due to mucus-like material under the skin and atherosclerosis
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Neurohypophysis
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin
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Oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth
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Parathormone
Secreted by the parathyroid glands ; regulates calcium in the blood
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Pheochromocytoma
Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; stain a dark or dusky color; excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Treatment for pheochromocytoma
surgery to remove tumor and antihypertensive drugs
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Cause of DM type 1
autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells cause destruction of the beta islet cells producing complete deficiency of insulin in the body
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Difference between achondroplastic dwards and hypopituitary dwarfs
acondroplasia - genetic defect in cartilage formation limiting the growth of bones, hypopituitary - lack of GH
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Cause of SIADH
tumor, drug reactions or head injury causes excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion
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Cause of DI
Kidney tubules fail to hold back needed water and salts due to lack of ADH
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What does FPG of 99mg/dL mean?
Normal blood glucose
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What does FPG of 100-125mg/dL mean?
pre-diabetes
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What does FPG of 126mg/dl or higher mean?
diabetes
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Pineal gland
Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin
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Progesterone
Hormone secreted by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy
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Proptosis
Protrusion of the eyeball
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Radioactive iodine uptake
Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function
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Rapid-acting insulin
Peaks at 30-60 minutes and lasts 3-5 hours
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Receptor
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue
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Short-acting insulin
Peaks at 1.5-2 hours and lasts 6-8 hours
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Steroid
Complex substance related to fat; derived from cholesterol
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Sympathomimetic
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
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Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to water retention
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Target tissue
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
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Tetraiodothyronine
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine, T4
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Thymosin
Hormone important in the development of immune responses in newborns
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Thyroid function tests
Measurement of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream
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Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism
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Thyrotropin
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones; Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Thyroxine
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism, T4
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Triiodothyronine
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and stimulates body metabolism; T3
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Vasopressin
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Gland and function of erythropoietin?
kidneys, stimulate erythrocyte production
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Gland and function of Human chorionic gonadotropin?
placenta, sustains pregnancy
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Gland and function of vitamin D
skin, calcium absorption
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Gland and function of gastrin
GI tract, stimulates gastric secretion
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Gland and function of cholecystokinin
gallbladder, contracts gallbladder
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Gland and function of prostaglandin
semen and cells throughout the body, stimulates contractions of the uterus, regulates body temerature, platelet aggregation, and acid secretion in the stomach, have the ability to lower blood pressure
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Name the thyroid hormones
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine
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How do thyroid hormones aid in metabolism?
aid cells in their uptake of oxygen
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Gland and function of calcitonin
thyroid gland, stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bones (helps osteoporosis)
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Gland and function of PTH
parathyroid gland, mobilizes calcium from bones into the bloodstream
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Another name for PTH
Parathormone
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How does calcium homeostasis work?
low blood calcium causes release of PTH and calcium enters blood, high blood calcium causes secretion of calcitonin and calcium enters bones
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What type of hormones are produced by adrenal cortex?
corticosteroids
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What type of hormones are produced by adrenal medulla?
catecholamines
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What types of corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex?
glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, sex hormones
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What hormones are produced by adrenal cortex?
cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
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Gland and function ofcortisol
Adrenal cortex, regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism (raises glucose in response to stress)
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Gland and function of aldosterone
Adrenal cortex, acts on kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium (regulation of blood volume and pressure and electrolyte concentration)
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Gland and function of androgens
Adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries, secondary sex characteristics
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Hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Gland and function of epinephrine
Adrenal medulla, Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, and releases glucose from glycogen
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Gland and function of norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla, Constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure
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Functions of pancreas
98% secrete digestive enzymes, 2% secrete insulin and glucagon
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Which glands secrete insulin?
beta cells of pancreas
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Which glands secrete glucagon?
alpha cells of pancreas
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Another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
adenohypophysis
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Another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
neurohypophysis
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Function of the hypothalamus
Send releasing and inhibiting factors via capillaries to the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary, produces and secretes hormones directly to the posterior pituitary gland where hormones are stored and released
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Hormones produced by the adenohypophysis
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
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Another name for GH
Somatotropin
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Another name for TSH
thyrotropin
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Gland and function of GH
Adenohypophysis, promotes protein synthesis that results in bone and muscle growth, stimulates liver to make insulin-like growth factor to stimulate bone growth, and increases blood glucose levels
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Gland and function of TSH
Adenohypophysis, stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of T4 and T3
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Gland and function of ACTH
Adenohypophysis, stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex
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Another name for ACTH
adrenocorticotropin
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Gland and function of FSH
Adenohypophysis, hormone secretion and egg and sperm production
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Gland and function of LH
Adenohypophysis, stimulates ovulation and production of testosterone
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Gland and function of PRL
Adenohypophysis, Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk production after birth
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Gland and function of ADH
neurohypophysis, stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles
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Gland and function of OT
neurohypophysis, stimulates uterus to contract during childbirth, maintains labor during child birth, and secreted during suckling and causes the producion of milk from the mammary glands
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Another name for ADH
vasopressin
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Hormones secreted by neurohypophysis
ADH and OT
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Hormones from ovaries
Estrogens and progesterone
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Gland and function of estrogens
ovaries, stimulate development of ova and development of female seconday sex characteristics
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Gland and function of progesterone
ovaries, preparation and maintenace of the uterus in pregnancy
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Types of estrogens
estradiol and estrone
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Gland and function of melatonin
pineal gland, supports biological clock, induces sleep and affects mood
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What causes an increase or decrease in melatonin
deprivation of light, decreases with sunlight exposure
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Gland and function of thymosin
thymus gand, affects immune response
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Cortic/o
Cortex, outer region
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-agon
Assemble, gather together
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-tropin
Stimulating the function of
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A1C
Blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin to access glucose control
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BGM
Blood glucose monitoring
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BMR
Basal metabolic rate - an indicator of thyroid function but not in current use
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HbA1C
Test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin; a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients
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CGMS
Continuous glucose monitoring system - senses and records blood glucose levels continuously
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ICSH
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
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FBG
Fasting blood glucose
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IDDM
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - type 1 diabetes
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IGF
Insulin-like growth factor - somatomedin
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MEN
Multiple endocrine dysplasia - hereditary hormonal disorder marked by adenomas and carcinomas
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LADA
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults - type 1.5 diabetes diagnosed in adults older than 30 years of age
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TFT
Thyroid function test
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MDI
Multiple daily injection - basal/bolus; diabetes management regimen
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NIDDM
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - type 2 diabetes
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17-OH
17-hydroxycorticosteroids
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SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)
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What causes goiter?
low iodine levels lead to low T3 and T4, feedbacks to hypothalamus and adenohypophysis, stimulates hypothalamuse and adenohypophysis to secrete TSH, TSH promotes the thyroif gland to secrete T3 and T4 but without iodine the size of the gland increases
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Treatments for goiter
Endemic - increase iodine in diet, nodular - thyroid-blocking drugs or radioactive iodine to suppress thyroid function
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