Endocrine.txt

Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol

Bronze skin color

Autoimmune adrenalitis

Daily cortisone administration and intake of salts or administration of a synthetic form of aldosterone

Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

amenorrhea, hirrsutism, and deepening of the voice

adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal adenomas/carcinomas, drugs to suppress androgen production and adrenalectomy

Removal of the adrenal gland

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance

Delivered by an insulin pump continuously over 24 hours and mimics the normal secretion by the pancreas

Delivered by an insulin pump at mealtimes to cover a specific amount of sugar or starch ingested

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; such as epinephrine

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; such cortisol and aldosterone

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells; raise blood sugar

Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to lack of normal physical and mental growth

Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, and excess fat deposition in the body

Fullness of face, obesity, excessive fat in thoracic region of the back, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia

Benign tumor of adrenal cortex, excess ACTH secretion, cortisone-like drugs

Substance that, in solution, carries an electric charge

Estrogen secreted by ovaries

Similar to estrogen

exxcessive production of parathormone leading to hypercalcemia

parathyroid hyperplasia or parathyroid tumor, resection of overactive tissue, bisphosphonates to decrease bone turnover and decrease hypercalcemia

Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leading to hypocalcemia and tetany

administration of calcium and large quantities of vitamin D to control calcium levels in blood

Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus

Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose; oral test

Measures long-term glucose control

Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes

Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis

High heart rate, high body temperature, hyperactivity, weight loss, diarrhea, exophthalamos

antithyroid drugs to reduce the amount of thyroid hormone produced by the gland and administration of radioactive iodine which destroys overactive glandular tissue

An autoimmune thyroiditis in which antibodies trigger lymphocytes to destroy follicular cells in the thyroid gland leading to hypothyroidism

lower metabolism - fatigue, sluggishness, weight gain and fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature and constipation

thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, endemic goiter, destruction of gland by irradiation

Excessive hair growth

Deficient functioning of the gonads

Removal of the pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

Peaks at 4-12 hours and lasts 14-24 hours

Narrow strip of glandular tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland on the ventral surface of the trachea

Peaks at 1-2 hours and lasts up to 24 hours

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and stimulates the ovaries to release eggs and produce hormones

Secreted by the pineal gland and functions to support the body's "biological clock" and is thought to induce sleep

Condition closely associated with insulin resistance that may be present 5-10 years before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts and water balance in the body; such as aldosterone

Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults

Atrophy of the thyroid gland with no hormone produced

Dry, puffy skin due to mucus-like material under the skin and atherosclerosis

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth

Secreted by the parathyroid glands ; regulates calcium in the blood

Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; stain a dark or dusky color; excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

surgery to remove tumor and antihypertensive drugs

autoantibodies against normal pancreatic islet cells cause destruction of the beta islet cells producing complete deficiency of insulin in the body

acondroplasia - genetic defect in cartilage formation limiting the growth of bones, hypopituitary - lack of GH

tumor, drug reactions or head injury causes excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion

Kidney tubules fail to hold back needed water and salts due to lack of ADH

Normal blood glucose

pre-diabetes

diabetes

Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin

Hormone secreted by the ovaries that prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Protrusion of the eyeball

Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function

Peaks at 30-60 minutes and lasts 3-5 hours

Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue

Peaks at 1.5-2 hours and lasts 6-8 hours

Complex substance related to fat; derived from cholesterol

Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to water retention

Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine, T4

Hormone important in the development of immune responses in newborns

Measurement of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream

Hyperthyroidism

Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones; Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism, T4

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and stimulates body metabolism; T3

Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

kidneys, stimulate erythrocyte production

placenta, sustains pregnancy

skin, calcium absorption

GI tract, stimulates gastric secretion

gallbladder, contracts gallbladder

semen and cells throughout the body, stimulates contractions of the uterus, regulates body temerature, platelet aggregation, and acid secretion in the stomach, have the ability to lower blood pressure

thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine

aid cells in their uptake of oxygen

thyroid gland, stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bones (helps osteoporosis)

parathyroid gland, mobilizes calcium from bones into the bloodstream

Parathormone

low blood calcium causes release of PTH and calcium enters blood, high blood calcium causes secretion of calcitonin and calcium enters bones

corticosteroids

catecholamines

glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, sex hormones

cortisol, aldosterone, androgens

Adrenal cortex, regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism (raises glucose in response to stress)

Adrenal cortex, acts on kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium (regulation of blood volume and pressure and electrolyte concentration)

Adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries, secondary sex characteristics

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal medulla, Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, and releases glucose from glycogen

Adrenal medulla, Constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure

98% secrete digestive enzymes, 2% secrete insulin and glucagon

beta cells of pancreas

alpha cells of pancreas

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

Send releasing and inhibiting factors via capillaries to the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate or inhibit secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary, produces and secretes hormones directly to the posterior pituitary gland where hormones are stored and released

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

Somatotropin

thyrotropin

Adenohypophysis, promotes protein synthesis that results in bone and muscle growth, stimulates liver to make insulin-like growth factor to stimulate bone growth, and increases blood glucose levels

Adenohypophysis, stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of T4 and T3

Adenohypophysis, stimulates growth of adrenal cortex and secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropin

Adenohypophysis, hormone secretion and egg and sperm production

Adenohypophysis, stimulates ovulation and production of testosterone

Adenohypophysis, Stimulates breast development during pregnancy and milk production after birth

neurohypophysis, stimulates reabsorption of water by kidney tubules, increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles

neurohypophysis, stimulates uterus to contract during childbirth, maintains labor during child birth, and secreted during suckling and causes the producion of milk from the mammary glands

vasopressin

ADH and OT

Estrogens and progesterone

ovaries, stimulate development of ova and development of female seconday sex characteristics

ovaries, preparation and maintenace of the uterus in pregnancy

estradiol and estrone

pineal gland, supports biological clock, induces sleep and affects mood

deprivation of light, decreases with sunlight exposure

thymus gand, affects immune response

Childbirth

Cortex, outer region

Solid structure

Growing

Assemble, gather together

A substance

Stimulating the function of

Blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin to access glucose control

Blood glucose monitoring

Basal metabolic rate - an indicator of thyroid function but not in current use

Test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin; a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients

Continuous glucose monitoring system - senses and records blood glucose levels continuously

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Fasting blood glucose

Fasting blood sugar

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - type 1 diabetes

Insulin-like growth factor - somatomedin

Multiple endocrine dysplasia - hereditary hormonal disorder marked by adenomas and carcinomas

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults - type 1.5 diabetes diagnosed in adults older than 30 years of age

Thyroid function test

Multiple daily injection - basal/bolus; diabetes management regimen

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - type 2 diabetes

17-hydroxycorticosteroids

Oxytocin

Prolactin

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)

Somatotropin - GH

low iodine levels lead to low T3 and T4, feedbacks to hypothalamus and adenohypophysis, stimulates hypothalamuse and adenohypophysis to secrete TSH, TSH promotes the thyroif gland to secrete T3 and T4 but without iodine the size of the gland increases

Endemic - increase iodine in diet, nodular - thyroid-blocking drugs or radioactive iodine to suppress thyroid function