Digestive.txt

Failure of LES to relax; dilation of esophagus above the narrowing and loss of peristalsis occur.

infected area

Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice

Enzyme that digests starch

Increased pressure in veins near liver

chronic gastritis associated with baterial infection

Helicobacter pylori mixed with hyperacidity and gastric juices

pregnancy and chronic constipation

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Lower portion of stomach; muscular grinding chamber that breaks up food and feeds it gradually to the duodenum

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores

Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen

Absence of a normal opening

Study of the esophagus

1. any liver disease so that bilirubin is not processed into bile and cannot be excreted in feces, 2. obstruction of bile flow so that bile and bilirubin are not excreted and accumultate in the bloodstream, 3. excessive hemolysis leading to overproduction of bilirubin and high levels in the bloodstream

ALT, AST, alk phos (and bilirubin)

autoimmune disorder in which villi in the lining of the small intestine are damaged resulting from dietary glutens

elevated conjugated bilirubin (biliary obstruction causing liver disease)

elevated unconjugated bilirubin in serum (excessive hemolysis)

Premalignant condition; long-term irritation of the esophagus caused by gastric reflux

Congenital absence of the opening from the common bile duct into small intestine

Pain from blocked cyst or common bile duct

organs and ducts that secrete, store, and empty bile into the duodenum

Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

Abnormal widening of the bronchial tubes or their branches

Mucous membrane lining the cheek

stones

Medications to promote movement of stools

Twisting of cecum

First part of large intestine

Pertaining to the abdomen

Blood vessel that carries blood to the abdominal organs from the aorta

celiac disease

Inflammation of the lip

Abnormal condition of the lips

Abnormal widening or dilation of a bile vessel

X-ray recording of bile vessels using radiopaque contrast medium

X-ray recording of bile vessels and the pancreas after administration of contrast material directly into bile and pancreatic tissue

Inflammation of bile vessels

Removal of gall bladder

Formation of a new opening between the gallbladder and jejunum

Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder

Pertaining to the common bile duct

Anastomosis between the common bile duct and the jejunum

Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct

Incision of the common bile duct

Abnormal condition of gallstones

Stoppage of bile flow

Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver

Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon

Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine

Difficulty in passing feces

Substance that xrays cannot penetrate

Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness, and weight loss

Swallowing

Pertaining to teeth and cheeks

Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ

Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation

Painful intestines; marked by inflammation and infection of the colon with abdominal pain and diarrhea

Difficulty swallowing

Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes

Vomiting

Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles

New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Congenital absence of the normal opening from the esophagus to the stomach

Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Substances produced when fats are digested; combine with glycerol to form fat

Gas expelled through the anus

Upper portion of stomach

New surgical opening between the stomach and duodenum

Backflow of solids and fluid from the stomach to the mouth against its normal direction of movement

Endoscopic examination of stomach and intestines

New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; anastomosis

Removal of gums tissue

Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar

Breakdown of sugar to release energy in body cells

Passage of bright red blood from the rectum

Suture a hernia

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus.

Strong acid present in a dilute form in the stomach

Pertaining to below the tongue

Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

Rings of muscle between the ileum and cecum

Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines

Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine; Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating associated with stress and tension

Pertaining to the lips, tongue, and throat

Formation of stones

Tests for presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood or serum

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach

X-ray imaging of the small and large intestines after injecting barium into the rectum; barium enema

Widening or dilation of lymph vessels

Destruction, breakdown

Part of mesentery attached to colon

Painful swallowing

Suture of the roof of the mouth and throat*

Acute, transient loss of peristalsis

Pertaining to a route other than through the GI tract

Salivary gland within the cheek, anterior to the ear

Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum

Tube inserted through the abdomen into the stomach to deliver food and liquids when swallowing is impossible

Specialist in the treating the gums

Inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone

Membrane that surrounds the tooth in the tooth socket

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Excessive eating

After a meal

Endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon, anus, and rectum

Forward protrusion of the eyeballs

Enzymes that digests proteins

Ring of muscle surrounding the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter

Malignant tumor of the rectum*

Hernia of the rectum

Final section of the colon

Folds or creases in the mucus membrane of the stomach or hard palate of the mouth

Removal of salivary glands

Inflammation of a salivary gland

Salivary gland stone

Distal, lower end of the colon

Downward bend of the colon on the left side of the body toward the descending colon

Test for microorganisms in feces

Test for detection of occult blood in feces

Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; inflammatory bowel disease

Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth

Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids

Twisting of the intestine upon itself

aids in production of sounds/speech

Moves food around during mastication and deglutition

Protect the body from the invasion of microbes and produce lymphocytes

32 permanent teeth

Crown

Root

Enamel

Dentin

Bony tissue (yellow)

Pulp

Cementum

Periodontal membrane

2 front teeth in dental arch

2 teeth next to front teeth

Pointed, doglike teeth next to the incisors (cuspids or eyeteeth)

4th tooth from middle on either side of dental arch

5th tooth from middle on either side of dental arch

6th tooth from middle on either side of dental arch

7th tooth from middle on either side of dental arch

8th tooth from middle on either side of dental arch

nearest lips - incisors and canine teeth

adjacent to cheeks � premolars and molars

Front surface of teeth

Back surface of teeth

Lies nearer to median line

Lies further from median line

comes in contact with a corresponding tooth in the opposite arch (molars and premolars only)

Sharp end of incisors and canines

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Covers the trachea so food cannot enter

peristalsis

Relaxes and contracts to move food from esophagus to stomach; prevent regurgitation

allows food to leave the stomach when it is ready

Produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid

digestion and absorption

absorb digested nutrients into bloodstream and lymph vessels

absorption of water and elimination of solid feces

cecum, colon, rectum

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

1. maintains normal blood glucose levels, 2. stores, iron, and vitamines, 3. maufactures blood proteins, 4. removes toxins from the blood, 5. releases bilirubin, 6. produces bile

removes excess glucose from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen in liver cells, converts glycogen into glucose when blood sugar is low (glucogenylisis), converts proteins and fats to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

1. hemolysis and hemoglobin breakdown in spleen, 2. travels to liver, 3. made water-soluble in liver (conjugated bilirubin), 4. added to bile and enters duodenum, 5. bilirubin and bile are degraded in intestines and exit body in feces

travels through hepatic duct to cystic duct to gallbladder

portal vein carries digested food absorbed by the capillaries of the small intestine

contraction of gallbladder after a meal forces bile out of cystic duct and into the common bile duct into duodenum

pancreatic duct to duodenum

amylase, lipase, protease

Defecation

Opening

Belly

Lip

Common bile duct

Salivary gland

Stone

Saliva

bowel movement

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography - contrast medium injected using a needle placed through abdominal wall into the liver

Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy

Bright red blood per rectum - hematochezia

Tube placed in the bile duct for drainage into a small pouch

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Total parenteral nutrition - sugar, proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - contrast medium is administered through oral catheter and passes through esoophagus, stomach, duodenum, and into bile ducts

Peptic ulcer disease

Endoscopic ultrasonography

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube - feeding tube

Fecal occult blood test

Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube - feeding tube

neoplasm inflammastory disorder, venous hypertension from liver disease, or heart failure

Hyperactive intestinal peristalsis - gastroenteritis, diarrhea

bleeding in upeer GI tract

aphthous stomatitis

Herpetic stomatitis

chronic tobacco use

Accumulation of dental plaque and dental calculus or tartar