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Hasty Generalization
Jumping to Conclusions. Drawing Conclusions based on insufficient evidence.
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False Dichotomies
Either/ or Fallacy. Arguments are oversimplified, present limiting options at the expense of other possible alternatives.
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False Cause ( Post Hoc)
The Fallacy that one thing causes another when there is no sufficient causal relationship between them.
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Slippery Slope (Domino Fallacy)
Scare Tactic. If we allow one thing to happen, that will set off a chain of events that will have disastrous consequences.
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Attacking the Person (Ad Hominem)
Attacks a persons character rather than a persons ideas.
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Red Herring
Provides irrelevant and misleading support that pulls the audience away from the real argument.
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Straw Man
The attacker distorts or misrepresents what an opponent has claimed, and then attacks that misrepresentation.
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Appeal to Authority
Supporting a conclusion based on the testimony of an unqualified or unreliable expert.
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Appeal to Force
Error is committed when one relies on force or the threat of force to gain acceptance for a claim.
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Appeal to Ignorance
One concludes that a claim is true solely on grounds that no one has shown its negation is true.
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Appeal to Public Opinion (Bandwagon Fallacy)
The arguer associates his/her views with what is popular rather then giving good reasons to support his/her claim.
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Appeal to Tradition
What has exhisted for a long time and has therefore become a tradition should continue to exist because it is a tradition.
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Appeal to Pity
Uses sympathy or pity of audience to gain acceptance for a conclusion.
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5 Tests of Evidence
- -Accessibility
- -Consistency
- -Recency
- -Relevance
- -Adequacy
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Argument from Cause
A claim that an event or condition is the cause for another event or condition.
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Argument from Analogy
A comparison of something with which we are familiar with something with which we are less familiar.
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Argument from Example
The use of a single case to support a general claim.
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The Pragmatic Argument
Recommends or discourages a course of action on the basis of it consequences.
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Argument from Principle
Affirms that we should abide by values, principles, and duties.
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Argument from Quantity
Expresses a preference for numerical considerations.
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Argument from Quality
Expresses a preference for the Unique, the rare, the good, etc.
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The Genetic Argument
Claims that origin reveals essential nature.
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Argument from Function
Attribute function to object, institutions, or people
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