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STP
- ideal conditions
- Temp of OC (273K), Pressure of 1atm
- 1mole occupies a volume of 22.4L
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Charle's Law
V2/V1 = T2/T1
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Boyle's Law
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
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Kinetic energy of gas
KE = 3/2 nRT
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Bernoulli's fluids equation
- A1v1 = A2v2
- (area) (velocity)
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Normality to molarity
- monoprotic (ie HCl) is equal
- diprotic (ie H2SO4), 1N = .5M
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Tesla units
1T = 1 N * sec/m * C
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Buoyancy force
- Fb = density(of FLUID) * volume * gravity
- Fb = pvg
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Rate Law
- Need to know the slow step (rate determining step)
- aA + bB --> dD
- rate = K[A][B]
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Gibbs free energy equation
^G = ^H - T^S
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enthalpy
- measures heat of reaction (^H)
- this is measured by bond dissociation energy, energy required to break a bond
- ie: ^H value
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1st law of thermodynamics
- ^E (change in internal energy) = Q (heat added TO system) - W (work done BY system)
- ^E = Q (to system) - W (by system)
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magnification
- m= - i/o
- if m is negative, image INVERTED
- if m is greater than 1, image is farther than object
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focal length image and object equation
1/f = 1/i + 1/o
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SN1 vs SN2
- SN1: rxn w/multiple steps & intermediates. produces RACEMIX mixtures. rxn accelerated by PROTIC, Polar solvents
- SN2: rxn proceeds with 1 step. accelerated by polar, APROTIC solvents
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chiral molecule characteristic
rotates plane polarized light
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alcohol + heated with ACID
double bond form and OH removed, so -ene formed
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Hemoglobin affinity with fetus vs human
fetal Hb affinity is increased: Shift LEFT on curve
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higher metabolism animals vs human hemoglobin
animals Hb affinity lower: Shift RIGHT on curve
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acidic conditions Hemoglobin affinity vs normal
- Shift RIGHT on curve
- Down Right Bohr!
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Ortho Meta Para groups
- Ortho & Para directing:
- -NH2
- -OH
- -NHCOR
- -OR
- -alkyl
- -aryl
- halogens
- META directing:
- N+(CH3)
- NO2
- CF3
- CN
- SO3H
- CHO
- COR
- COOH
- COOR
- CONH2
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Thin Layer Chromotography (TLC)
utilizes a silica gel that is placed in beaker with eluant and through CAPILLARY action, liquid drawn UP the gel with the mixture
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gel filtration
- separates based on SIZE
- small proteins go through pores in column and run slower vs the large proteins which run FAST thru
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Hardy Weinberg Equation
- p + q = 1
- p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
- (AA) + (Aa) + (aa) frequencies
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