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Albumin
3.4-5 g/dL
- Maintains oncotic pressure
- Transports bilirubin, fatty acids, medications, hormones, and other substances that are insoluble in water.
*Increased--dehydration, diarrhea, and metastatic carcinoma
*Decreased--acute infection, ascites, and alcoholism
-
Alkaline Phosphatase
4.5-13 King-Armstrong units/dL
an enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta.
* Increased during periods of bone growth
- Nursing Considerations:
- *12 hrs fasting before the test
- * Hepatotoxic medications administered within 12 hrs before the test can cause falsely elevated value.
-
Ammonia
10-80 mcg/dL
a byproduct of protein catabolism
metabolized by the liver, and excreted by the kidneys as urea
*Increased-- hepatic dysfunction; high levels may lead to encephalopathy
Nursing Considerations:- * 8-10 hrs fasting except for water & refraining from smoking
- *Place specimen on ice and transport to laboratory.
-
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)
4-6 IU/L
used to identify hepatocellular disease of the liver and to monitor improvement or worsening of the disease.
*Previous IM injection may cause elevated levels.
-
AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)
0-35 units/L
used to evaluate client with suspected hepatocellular disease (may also be used along with other cardiac markers to evaluate coronary artery occlusive disease)
*Pevious IM injection may cause elevated levels.
-
Amylase
25-151 units/L
- *Greatly Increased-- Acute pancreatitis
- level starts rising 3-6 hrs after the onset of pain,
- peaks in about 24 hrs
- returns to normal in 2-3 days after the onset of pain
-
Lipase
10-140 units/L
a pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
*Increased--pancreatic disorders
-
Bilirubin
- Conjugated Bilirubin 0-0.3 mg/dL
- Unconjugated Bilirubin 0.1-1 mg/dL
- Total Bilirubin: lower than 1.5 mg/dL
*Increased--jaundice
Nursing Considerations:
- *4 hrs fasting before test
- *may cause elevated result: alcohol, morphine sulfate, theophylline, ascorbic acid, aspirin
-
Lipids
- Cholesterol: 140-199 mg/dL
- LDL: lower than 130 mg/dL
- HDL: 30-70 mg/dL
* Increased-- use of oral contraceptives
-
Protein
6-8 g/dL
* Increased-- Addison's disease, Autoimmune collagen disorders, Chronic infection, Crohn's Disease
-
Uric Acid
- Male Adult: 4.5-8 mg/dL
- Female Adult: 2.5-6.2 mg/dL
*Increased amount of deposit in joints and soft tissue---> GOUT
*Increased cellular turnover, as well as slowed renal excretion of uric acid---> hyperuricemia
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