Nervous.txt

Receive external stimuli that activate the cell membrane of nerve cells to release nervous impulses, carry impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord, recognize, interpret, and relay impulses to other nerve cells that extend throughout the body

olfactory - smell

optic -vision

Oculomotor - eye movement

trochlear - eye movement

Trigeminal - forehead and scalp sensation, cheek sensation, and chewing

Abducens - Eye movement

facial - face and scalp movement, taste, ear sensation

Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal - tongue and throat sensations and throat movements

Vagus nerve - messages to and from neck, chest, abdomen - peristalsis, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, sneezing

Accessory - swallowing and head and should movements

Hypoglossal - speech and swallowing

increase heart rate and forcefulness, dilate airways, increase blood pressure, stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete epinephrine, and inhibit intestinal contractions

Decrease heart rate, lower blood pressure, stimulate intestinal contractions

Composed of cell bodies covered with myelin sheath

Composed of cell bodies of neurons not covered with myelin sheaath

Carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord from stimulus receptors

Carry impulses away from the CNS to organs that produce responses

Transport water and salts between capillaries and neurons

phagocytic glial cells that remove waste products from the CNS and protect neurons in response to inflammation

Form the myelin sheath in the CNS

Line membranes within the brain and spinal cord where cerebrospinal fluid circulates; helps form cerebrospinal fluid

Outermost layer; cerebral cortex

Spatial relationships, art, music, emotions, and intuition

Language, math functioning, reasoning, and analytical thinking

Thought, judgment, memory association, and discrimination

Main relay center of the brain, conducts impulses between the spinal cord and cerebrum; decides what information is important and maintains levels of awareness and consciousness

Body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions; regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland, integrates activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Voluntary muscle movements and maintains balance and posture

Regulate intentional movements of the body

Respiratory center - controls muscles of respiration, cardiac center - slows the heart rate when it is beating too rapidly, vasomotor center - affect the muscles in the walls of blood vessels

Thought processes, behavior, personality, and emotion (Broca area - language expression)

Body sensations, visual and spatial perception

Vision

Hearing, understanding speech and language (Wernicke area - language comprehension)

temporal lobe of cerebrum - language comprehension

Frontal lobe of cerebrum - language expression

inner region

Outer region

Outer region (cerebral cortex)

Inner region

Thin, slender

Nerve root

Sheath

Excessive sensitivity to pain

Feeling, nervous sensation

To cut off, cut short

Order coordination

Excessive sensitivity to pain

Feeling, nervous sensation

Seizure

Weakness

Action

strength

Nerve that carries nervous impulse toward the brain and spinal cord; sensory nerves

Pertaining to loss or absence of voluntary movement

Deposit of proteins in neurofibrillary tangles

Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem

tonic - stiffening of muscles, clonic - twitching and jerking movements of limbs

Seizures begin in temporal lobe of the brain

Mostcommon type of seizure - pause in whatever they are doing, confusion, and memory problems

Absence of sensitivity to pain

Congenital condition of partial or complete absence of brain matter

Lack of feeling or sensation

Agents that reduce or eliminate sensation

Inability to speak; language function is impaired due to injury to the cerebral cortex

Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

Chromosome 14

Senile plaques (degeneration of neurons), neurofibrillary tangles (bundles of fibrils in the cytoplasm of a neuron) in the cerebral cortex, amyloid deposits

Inability to perform purposeful acts or manipulate objects

Middle layer of meninges covering brain and spinal cord

Glial cell that transports salts and water from capillaries

Without coordination

Regulate intentional movements of the body

Paralysis on one side of the face caused by a viral infection

Pertaining to the cerebellum and pons

Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

Temporary brain dysfunction after injury; usually clearing within 24 hours

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic disorder persists longer than 24 hours

Partial paralysis and muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

Samples of CSF are examined for blood cells, protein, glucose, tumor cells, bacteria, and other substances

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, memory, and other functions

State of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused

Center portion of the brain that connects the two hemispheres

Neurotransmitter in CNS made by cells in the basal ganglia

Sound waves are used to detect blood flow in arteries within the brain and leading to the brain

Impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements

Difficulty in reading, writing, and learning

Nerve that carries message away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

Glial cell that lines the membrane within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

Collection of blood located between the skull and dura mater due to ruptured meningeal artery (usually after a skull fracture)

Brain disorder marked by recurrent attacks of abnormal nervous impulses

Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain

Region of brain and spinal cord containing cell bodies and dendrites

Sheet of nerve cells that produce a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum

Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

Hereditary disorder affecting the cerebrum (degenerative changes in cerebrum) and involving abrupt, involuntary, jerking movements, and mental deterioration in later stages

Hereditary - genetic defect on chromosome 4

idiopathic - maybe autoimmune disease of lymphocytes reacting against myelin

Diminished sensitivity to pain

Excessive sensitivity or feeling especially of the skin in response to touch or pain

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland

Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsion of an epileptic seizure

Collection of blood within the cerebrum due to bleeding in the brain tissue (usually from uncontrolled hypertension)

Pertaining to within the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Chemicals injected into the subarachnoid space

Brain death; complete unresponsitivity to stimuli, no spontaneous breathing or movement, and a flat EEG tracing

Inflammation of the two thinner membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae; spinal tap

Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels

Hernia in the meninges through a defect or space between vertebrae; a form of spina bifida cystica

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

Broca aphasia; expressive aphasia; The patient knows what he wants to say but cannot say it

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

Antibodies block the ability of acetylcholine to transmit the nervous impulse from nerve to muscle cell

Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, interferons to slow the rate of MS symptoms, Glatiramer to block immune system's attack on myelin

Congenital hernia of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the vertebral column; associated with spina bifida

Lack of strength in the nerves; feeling of weakness and exhaustion

Supporting cells of the nervous system

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron

Abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause; tingling, numbness or pricking sensations

Degeneration of nerves in the basal ganglia occur in later life, leading to tumors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness; dopamine is deficient in the brain

Deficiency of dopamine

Levodopa + carbidopa (sinement) to increase dopamine levels in the brain to relieve symptoms

idiopathic; associated with excess of dopamine or hypersensitivity to dopamine

Antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers

Lumbar puncture to examine CSF for diagnosis and antibiotics and antivirals for treatment

Thrombotic - blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain that blocks the vessels (TIAs), embolic - embolus occludes small cerebral vessel, 3.Hemorrhagic - blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs

tPA within 3 hours of stroke onset and surgical intervention with carotid endarterectomy

Dilation of blood vessels

High-energy radiation beam used to treat deep and inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses

Delivers uniform dose of protom radiation to target and spares surrounding tissue

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain; connects the upper and lower portions of the brain

Neurologic symptoms such as weakness after seizures

Inflammation of a spinal nerve root

Disease of a spinal nerve root

A stupor (unresponsiveness) from which a patient can be aroused.

The patient articulates words easily but uses them inappropriately; difficulty understanding written and verbal commands and cannot repeat them

Congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts; spinal and meninges may herniate through the vertebral gap

Vertebral defect is covered with skin and evident onliny in x-rays

More severe form with cyst-like protrusions

Meninges protruse to the outside of the body

Spinal cord and meninges protrude

Prental imaging methods and testing maternal blood samples for AFP

Use of a specialized instrument using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on

Space between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane that controls CSF

Collection of blood in the space below the dura mater from tearing of veins between the dura and arachnoid membranes

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

Fainting

Fleeting episode of ischemia in the brain

Flashes of stab like pain along the course of a branch of the trigeminal nerve; trigeminal nerve has branches to the eye, upper and lower jaw

Tenth cranial nerve that controls the chest and abdominal organs

Fluid-filled canals in the brain

Region of brain and spinal cord containing nerve fiber tracts with myelin sheath

Temporal lob epilepsy

Transient ischemic attack

Arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum

Traumatic brain injury

Cerebrovascular accident

Proton stereotactic radiosurgery

Gamma-amniobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)

Intracranial pressure (normal = 5-15 mm Hg)

Monitored anesthetic care

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; technique using a battery-powered device to relive acute and chronic pain

Impaired circulation of CSF in the brain or spinal cord at birth; brain tumor or infection in adults

Catheter placed in the ventricle of the brain into the peritoneal space or right atrium of the heart to drain CSF from the brain