Final Exam Review

medical care before, during, and after surgery 

medical care for the elderly 

treatment of arthritis

care of mother and fetus throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and after care

treatment of the musculoskeletal system

treatment of diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, and throat 

diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the foot 

symptom 

physical examination 

diagnosis 

plan 

relating to a fever 

a condition occurring without an identified cause 

relating to the whole body 

feeling unwell 

prediction of the likely outcome of a disease based on general health status  

a disorder or condition after 

before meals 

before noon 

twice a day 

bedtime 

night 

as needed 

four times a day 

as desired 

cells covering external and internal surfaces of the body 

outer layer of the skin 

cells comprising the outermost layers of the epidermis 

deepest region of the epidermis 

connective tissue layer of the skin

oil glands in the skin 

oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands 

sweat glands 

connective fatty tissue 

protein substance found in the skin and connective tissue 

skin problem 

skin problems arising from normal skin 

loss of superficial epidermis leaving an area of moisture but no bleeding 

scratch mark 

linear crack in skin 

scar 

overgrowth of scar tissue 

lesions of a blood vessel 

red blood vessel lesion formed by the dilation of a group of blood vessels 

bleeding into the skin 

spot on the skin that indicates a bleeding tendency 

bruise 

mole 

a mole with precancerous changes 

wart

baldness 

a plug of oil within the opening of a hair follicle 

whitehead

blackhead 

appearance of a skin lesion

redness of skin 

severe itching 

production of pus

hives 

dry skin 

inflammation of subcutaneous tissue 

any disorder of the skin 

german measles 

14 day measles 

chickenpox 

to boil out 

a boil 

clusters of boils 

collection of pus that is healed when drained 

an eating sore 

painful blisters that spread over the skin 

gene defect that results in dry, thick, scaly skin 

skin inflammation marked by pustules that rupture and crust 

thickened areas of epidermis 

inflammation of various parts of the body 

inflammation of the fingernail or toenail 

inflammation of the nail fold 

infestation with lice 

scales covering red patches on the skin that result from overproduction and thickening of skin cells 

mite that invades the skin 

a lot of oil coming out of sebaceous glands 

ringworm 

white patches on the skin 

restoring skin by applying an acid solution to peel away the top layers of the skin 

destruction of tissue by freezing 

surgical removal of frozen epidermis 

removal of dead tissue from a wound

removing dead tissue 

use of electric currents to destroy tissue 

excising a tumor on the skin by removing it layer by layer

a drug that temporarily blocks transmission of nerve conduction to produce a loss of sensations

a drug that relieves itching 

an agent that inhibits the growth of infectious microorganisms 

bones of upper and lower extremities 

bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone 

round bones found near joints 

a joint, where two bones come together 

cushion between tendons and bones 

cushion between spine 

tissue that connects bone to bone 

membrane lining the capsule of a joint 

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane 

voluntary striated muscle attached to the skeleton 

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

end of the muscle that does not contract when it moves 

end of the muscle that moves when contracts

a band of tissue that connects muscle to bone 

a band or sheet of connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle  

vertical division of the body into front and back portions

vertical division of the body into right and left portions 

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions 

lying down

lying face down 

lying flat on back 

turning upward or forward of the palm 

turning downward of the palm 

bending of the foot or toes upward 

bending of the sole of the foot or toes toward the ground 

joint pain 

shrinking of tissue 

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage 

flabby

increase in the size of tissue 

reduced muscle tone or tension

muscle pain

bone pain 

tension

stiff joint condition

arthritis that especially affects weight-bearing joints 

most crippling form of arthritis characterized by an inflammation in the joints

acute attacks of arthritis in a single joint 

dead bone tissue 

swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe 

pressure on the median nerve 

softening of cartilage 

bone marrow tumor 

inflammation of muscle 

genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles 

softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency 

osteomalacia in children 

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

decreased bone density and increased porosity

humpback

anterior curvature of the lumbar spine 

S-shaped curve of the spine 

forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra 

stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration

a partial dislocation 

puncture for aspiration of a joint 

binding or fusing of joint surfaces 

use of an appliance to maintain a bone's position or provide limb support

membrane lining the cavities of the heart 

membrane forming the outer layer of the heart 

partition between the right and left atrium

partition between right and left ventricle 

protective sac enclosing the heart 

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery 

valve between the right atrium and right ventricle 

vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles

tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins 

circulation of blood throughout the body 

circulation of blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue 

circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery, to the lungs, and back to the heart 

to expand

to contract

pacemaker

neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His 

fire the impulse from the AV node the the Purkinje fibers

hardening of the arterial walls 

buildup of fatty substances within the walls of arteries 

stationary blood clot 

a clot carried in the bloodstream

narrowing of a part 

to hold back blood 

a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing 

to stuff 

chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle 

a widening 

to limp 

profuse sweating 

pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat 

irregular contractions of the heart 

a degenerative condition of the arteries

a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves 

compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac 

malformations of the heart present at birth 

failure to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body 

a condition that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the heart 

high blood pressure 

protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in backflow of blood 

heart attack

damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever 

listening to sounds within the body 

incision of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot 

a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery 

termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivery of an electrical stimulus to the heart 

termination of tachycardia 

a drug that restores oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris 

a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia 

a drug that prevents clotting of the blood 

a drug that lowers blood pressure 

a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart 

a drug that increases the secretion of urine 

a drug that reduces fat and cholesterol 

liquid portion of the blood

liquid portion of the blood left after the clotting process

red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide 

protein-iron compound that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide 

white blood cell that protects the body from harmful substances 

a white blood cell that fights infection by swallowing bacteria

a granular leukocyte 

cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting 

helps maintain the body's immune system

filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris

fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body 

vessels that draw lymph from the tissues of the lymph vessesl

vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes 

many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessesl

collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins 

reduced number of red blood cells 

reduced number of lymphocytes 

a decrease in the number of neutrophils 

reduced number of all cellular components in the blood 

breakdown of the red blood cell membrane 

any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself 

an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body 

bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors 

cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs 

increase in mononuclear cells in the blood, along with enlarge lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat 

increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin the blood 

a systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and tier toxins in the circulating blood 

a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood 

partition between the oral and nasal cavities 

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose 

windpipe

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli

air sacs that exchange gases 

membranes enclosing the lung and lining the thoracic cavity 

space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

separates the thorax into two compartments 

functional tissues of any organ 

normal breathing 

shallow breathing 

deep breathing 

ability to breath only in upright position 

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth 

sign of obstruction in the upper airway 

hoarseness

nosebleed 

coughing up and spitting out material from the lungs 

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood 

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells 

blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs 

fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli

density on an x-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs

thin, watery discharge from the nose 

collapse of lung tissue

dilation of the bronchi with mucus 

lung cancer

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air

inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick mucus that obstructs passageways within the body 

accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts 

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

air and blood in the pleural cavity 

responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality

responsible for sensations

responsible for hearing, taste, and smell 

responsible for vision

responsible for higher mental functions 

nerves that branch from the central nervous system 

nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands  

pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve 

fainting

increased sensitivity to touch 

abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without any cause 

progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells 

motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth 

disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain 

brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain 

inflammation of the brain 

tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy 

hereditary disease of the central nervous system 

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain 

benign tumor of the coverings of the brain 

progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest 

paralysis 

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord 

introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region 

state of unresponsiveness 

restless, dissatisfied mood 

feeling of well-being 

psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent 

electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions 

affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response

secretes insulin and glucagon 

located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

secretes melatonin and serotonin 

protrusion of one or both eyeballs 

high level of potassium in the blood 

excessive level of sodium ions in the blood 

excessive thirst 

excessive urination

condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream 

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands 

hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands 

enlarged features 

enlargement of the thyroid gland 

fluid-filled space between the cornea and iris 

vascular layer beneath the sclera that provides nourishment to the outer portion of the retina 

muscle that controls the power of the lens 

smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body, which contracts to assist in near-vision capability 

epithelial tissue folds that secrete aqueous humor 

anterior part of the eyeball covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber that functions to bend light to focus an image 

pinpoint depression in the center of the macula lea that is the site of sharpest vision 

interior surface of the eyeball including the retina, optic disk, macula, and posterior pole 

bends and focuses light on the retina 

capsule that encloses the lens 

central region of the retina responsible for central vision 

exit site of retinal nerve fibers, as well as the entrance point for retinal arteries and the exit point for retinal veins 

nerve responsible for carrying impulses for the sense of sight from the retina to the brain 

space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous filled with aqueous fluid 

innermost layer that perceives and transmits light to the optic nerve 

white outer coat extending from the cornea to the optic nerve 

jelly-like mass filling the inner chamber between the lens and retina that gives bulk to the eye 

involuntary contraction of the muscle surrounding the eye, causing uncontrolled blinking and lid squeezing 

double vision

abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs

rapid movement of the eyeball

blind spot in vision 

distorted vision that prevents light rays from coming to a single focus on the retina 

distorted vision caused by a curvature of the lens or cornea that prevents light rays from coming to a single focus on the retina 

farsightedness 

nearsightedness 

impaired vision owing to old-age

decreased vision in early life 

absence of the lens

drooping of the eyelid

chronic inflammation of a meibomian gland 

disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation 

outward turing of the rim of the eyelid 

inward turning of the rim of the eyelid 

grouped of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve 

acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid 

inflammation of the cornea 

breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula 

eye in which the natural lens is replaced with an artificial one 

fibrous growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea 

crossed eyes 

misdirected eyelashes that rub on the conjunctiva or cornea 

measurement of refractive errors 

instrument that holds corrective lenses in front of the eye 

excision of an eyeball 

implantation of an artificial lens to replace a defective natural lens

projected part of the external ear

external passage for sounds collected from the pinna to the tympanum 

waxy substance secreted by glands located throughout the external canal 

eardrum

first of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear 

middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear 

last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear 

tube connecting the middle ear to the pharynx

membrane that covers the opening between the middle ear and inner ear 

structures and liquids that relay sound waves to the auditory nerve fibers on a path to the brain 

inner ear consisting of bony and membranous labyrinths 

fluid that fills the bony labyrinth of the ear 

three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement 

earache 

bleeding from the ear 

purulent drainage from the ear 

ringing in the ear 

dizziness 

inflammation of the external auditory meatus 

excessive buildup of wax in the ear

inflammation of the eardrum 

inflammation of the middle ear 

inflammation of the middle ear from changes in atmospheric pressure 

hearing impairment caused by interference with sound of vibratory energy in the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles 

hearing impairment caused by lesions or dysfunction of the cochlea or auditory nerve 

hearing impairment in old age 

electrodiagnostic testing using computerized equipment to measure involuntary responses to sound within the auditory nervous system 

incision into the eardrum 

surgical repair of the external ear 

excision of the stapes to correct otosclerosis 

vein graft of a scarred tympanic membrane to improve sound conduction 

introduction of a medicated solution into the external canal 

portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum 

dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal 

membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity 

receptacle that stores and concentrators the bile produced in the liver 

gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food 

fluid in the peritoneal cavity 

indigestion 

belch 

red blood in the stool 

vomiting blood 

enlargement in the liver 

excessive level of bile pigment in the blood 

yellow discoloration of the skin 

dark colored stool from old blood 

feces containing fat 

inflammation of the parotid gland 

inflammation of the lip 

inflammation of the tongue 

swollen twisted veins in the esophagus 

backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus 

narrowed condition of the pylorus 

abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract 

inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools 

prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part 

twisting of the bowel on itself

multiple polyps in the intestine and rectum 

tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum 

chronic disease characterized by generation of liver tissue 

inflammation of the bile ducts 

inflammation of the gallbladder 

presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts 

presence of stones in the common bile duct 

treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines 

puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid 

union of two hollow vessels 

surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ill discharges 

excision of a lobe of the liver 

excision of the gallbladder 

incision for removal of gallstones 

incision of the common bile duct for extraction of gallstones 

crushing o the gallstones 

insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach for various purposes 

system of ducts carrying urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis 

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder 

basin-like portion of the ureter within the kidney 

canal that carries urine to the outside of the body 

opening in the urethra to the outside of the body 

waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys 

waste product of muscle metabolism filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine 

to void urine 

involuntary discharge of urine or feces 

scanty production of urine 

excessive urination 

white cells in the urine 

retention of urine owning to the inability to naturally because of spasm or obstruction 

form of nephritis involving the glomerulus 

dilation of urine in the renal pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys 

inflammation of the renal pelvis 

degenerative disease of the renal tubules 

presence of renal stones caused by mineral buildup in the kidneys 

inflammation of the bladder 

inflammation of the urethra and bladder 

narrowed condition of the urethra 

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood as a result of kidney failure 

record that measures urinary volume, bladder pressure, and capacity to evaluate urinary dysfunction 

x-rays of the urinary trisect taken after iodine is injected into the bloodstream 

plain x-ray taken to detect any pathology before further imagine 

x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery 

x-ray of the upper urinary tract taken after contrast medium is injected up to the kidney

chemical test used to detect hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis 

incision into the kidney for the removal of stones 

surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis 

use of a device to hold open vessels or tubes 

creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body 

methods of placing a tube into the bladder to drain or collect urine