lecture 5.txt

lecture 5

this structure allows somet thigns to pass through the membrane iwout energy expenditure and others can�t

__ are channels in membrane that allow water to pass without energy expenditure

these are proteins with a gate that control flow of ions

these are large complex transport which allows protein conglomerates to pass with energy

_ is the tendency for water to flow according to its gradient

this is a higher concentration of solute

this is a lower concentration of solute

equal concentrations across a membrane is called

_ is the bursting of a cell due to hypotonic environment

tendency for h2o to flow across membrane and cause pressure; occurs in bacteria due to cell wall

shrinking of cells due to hypertonic environment is called

process of making solutes inside a cell to prevent plasmolysis

particle formed to prevent plasmolysis

separation of ions that creates a gradient of charge and concentration

what is the formulat for pmf

when the membrane is slightly negative its called

when there are more protons outside of the cell

_ causes electrons to flow to do waste-like pump pumping H+ out

_ changes shape when hit by light and flips electrons to outside of membrane

_ forms cell wall with sugar and amino acid

4 amino acids in which the third amino acid must have 2 amino groups

_ connects 2 strands of peptidoglycan connected by pentaglycine bridge

process of making crosslinks of peptidoglycan with peptide bonds

_ makes glycosidic bonds between peptidoglycan

polymer of phosphate and usgar that sticks out of cell; provides phosphate surface and protection from digestive enzymes

phosphate and sugar that anchors peptidoglycan to cell membrane

transport channels through outer membrane which allows things into the periplasm

only present in G- bacteria, asymmetric with LPS on outside

_are large�molecules�consisting of a�lipid�and a�polysaccharide�joined by a�covalent bond; they are found in the�outer membrane�of�Gram-negative�bacteria, act as�endotoxins�and elicit strong�immune responses�in animals

a�lipid�component of an�endotoxin�held responsible for�toxicity�of�Gram-negative�bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of thelipopolysaccharide�(LPS, also called�endotoxin) molecule, and its�hydrophobic�nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane

O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell.

organism which lacks cell wall and therefore lacks a particular shape