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What prompts the reform?
Losing teh Crimean Wars
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coming out of defeat; began with heir of hope and promise inspired by opptimisium-
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Perestroika
restructuring
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WHat is the first thing ALex did?
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release from siberian exile all those Decembrists still alive; making social and institutional changes in order to strengthen the state; improve economy modernize society- this is the trifecta; This altered Russians society, culture, history and Russian thought;
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The Emancipation edict of 1861
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serfdom; legally freeing Russian surfs; abolishment movement; Hard core economic and social reality the idea by liberating serfdom, creating a more Mobile labor force by freeing surfs
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WHat was the trifecta
to strengthen the state; improve economy modernize society
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)- moderate reform minded; stories about peasant life published under the title A sportsman’s sketches 1852 (notes of a hunter) Vivid portraits of human peasants; He individualized peasant visas and virtues; His writings condemned serfdom;
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taxes for land the ex-surfs received
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Government compensating noble landlords for lost labor and farm lands
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WHat was bad about the Mir?
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Mir peasant elders were responsible for distributing and redistributed land and based it off of social need. This could get bad though; the Mir continued to collect taxes and dues of ex surfs on collective responsibility; if peasant left the village to find work elsewhere he or his family still had to pay the Mir the shared taxes he owed; because most of Russia’s Peasants remained in poverty in the decades to come rural Russia would remain a potential tender box of agrarian unrest and social disorder, rising debts,
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What was good about teh Mir?
Many peasants migrated from fields to factories finding wrok; some had social and economic success; experiencing upward social mobility;
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Judicial Reform Statute, 1864-
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Legal equality; trial by jury; justices of the piece; the judicial justice is changing
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What was bad aboutt eh Judicial Reform Statute?
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absence of civil liberties; Tarsus reseme would interfere using marshall law decrees, administrative regulations; secret trial, secret incarceration for political subversions; constitutional movement;
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What was good aboutt the Judicail reform Statute?
BAR association, upgraded previous legal order; finally ended autocracy’s monopoly on administrating justice
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Who were the Zemstoves?
elected by nobility; local representative bodies supervised local affairs like health, medicine, primary education, social welfares- problem- money, never had enough state funding for multiple functions and lacked full autonomy; they marked a significant change in Russia’s society- preformed valuable social services in countryside (local health, social welfare, primary education), They offered jobs for young doctors, teachers, book keepers, accountants etc; Public services idea would inspire Russian liberals for more reforms,
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What were the "explisive 60s"?
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Some criticized these reforms- political right;
- Some rejected this reforms- articles; too little too late; they wanted to transform Russia by ending the monarchy; creating a new society; these are public debates-
- Questioned social rejection
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What is the popular Novwl "what is to be Done?"
Captured the mood of this young radical; written in Prison by Nikolai Chernyshevsky- This work became a gospel of descent for young readers; He raised issues and aroused activism; women’s rights and gender equality; social compassion from educated classes to poor; he emphasized power of reason and science- he argued these were keys to the future; Illusions;The most important message was his own personal tragedy; He spent over 25 years in Siberian exile doing hard labor for his radicalism;
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What did the novel "What is to be Done?' inspire?
Conformist protest movement called Hihilism
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protest movement; code of personal alienation and rebellion- young rebels- rejected authorities; questioned rules, values, traditions; believed in something- believed in science and medicine; The keys to social progress; practical knowledge based on sciences; scientific method; many became inspired to become doctors and scientists; when they got older they struggled to overcome poverty and other social problems, when older some worked at the local zemphas
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