biochem 314 U6

packed into chylomicron with fatty acids and glycerol, travels to  fatty acid target cell in chylomicron, fatty acids and glycerols deposited, cholesterol repackaged into chylomicron remnant and sent to liver.

de novo

increase in calories makes increase in cholesterol synthesis because insulin works as an acitvator to the transcription of the HMGCoA reductase enzyme

HMGCoA + 2 NADPH --> Melavonate + 2 NADP+

• FA TG Cho into VLDL
• VLDL to target cell, drop off FA TG
• LDL to target cells, receptor endocytosis drop off Chol
• Nascent HDL returns to Liver, receptor endocytosis
• OR LDL returns to liver for receptor endocytosis

• pentagon, O at top, clockwise:
• CHOH
• CHOH
• CHOH
• CH, CH2OH

• pentagon with O at top, clockwise
• CHOH
• CH
• CHOH
• CH, CHOH

• all have hexagon structure
• NH at the 6 oclock  
• =O at the 8 oclock
• double bond inside ring between 2 and 4oclock

• both have 
• =O at 8 oclock
• =O at 12 oclock
• NH at 10 oclock

difference is thymine has an extra CH3 off the 2oclock carbon

• only N at 10 oclock (instead of NH)
• NH2 at 12 oclock (instead of =O)

• hexagon with right side pentagon
• pentagons are identical with N at top point = to rt side C and NH at bottom point
• both have N at bottom of hexagon

• the 8 oclock adenine is blank, guanine has attached NH2
• the 10 oclock adenine has N, guanine has NH
• the 12 oclock adenine has NH2, guanine has =O

• NH2
• NH
• =O

• blank
• N
• NH2

catabolized by lysosomes, LDL receptors recycled, repackaged as HDL and returned to liver

return excess cholesterol to liver for bile excretion

DNA -(transc)->PremRNA-(proc)->mRNA-(transl)->protein

the bottom NH and the 1'C perform dehydration synthesis so N is directly bonded with the 1'C

5' carbon

• 1. a template strand is required
• 2.. a primer strand (only needed inDNA) is formed
• 3. appropriate polymerase uses the high energy triphosphate of the nucleoside triphosphate to bond the closest phosphate group to the 3'C of the nucleotide on the primer

a set of 8 chromosomal positively charged proteins that dna wraps around to keep its negatively charged phosphate groups from repelling each other when they try to package

the wrapped, neutral structure of dna around histone octamer

• addition of DNA to fill in blanks left by the excise of RNA primers during DNA replication
• performed by DNA polymerase

editing step of removing improperly paired nucleotides or tautomeric nucleotides

removal of RNA primers from daughter strand of DNA replication

one end of the chain has the 5' phosphate, the other has the 3' hydroxyl group. all are laid head to toe

nitrogenous bases of nucleotides with hydrogens that have changed locations and can base pair with other nucleotides

separates hydrogen bonds of the double stranded DNA

• prevent the two separated strands of dna from rejoining and
• protects the ssDNA from reacting with other chemicals

enzyme that creates a shrot RNA primer for the DNA polymerase to begin from

enzyme that adds nucleotide residues to the RNA polymerase and then to each nucleotide. It catalyzes the 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage by utilizing the triphosphate of the nucleotide triphosphates

• used to "patch together" repairs or areas of RNA primer removal. catalyzes the phosphodiester linkage in the backbones. 
• This is needed because the nucleotide residues are monophosphates, so not carryin the energy of a triphosphate.

splices pre-mRNA to prepare it for use by ribosomes

direct processing of rRNA

increases expression of mRNA

• TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFIID/B)find promotor
• RNA polymerase binds to PROMOTOR
• RNA polymerase elongates the complementary strand
• 5' end may be capped
• 3' has poly A tail attached
• splicing/maturation by snRNA

upstream transcription factors that bind to the 5'TATA3' box and signal to RNA polymerase where the start of the gene is