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most basic unit of biologically important carbohydrates
monosaccharides
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bonds between 2 monosaccharide
glycosidic bonds
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two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
disaccharide
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many monosaccharide units formed by several kinds of glycosidic bonds; functions as storage for energy
polysaccharide
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sodium independent glucose transporters
GLUT
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sodium-monosaccharide cotransporter
SGLT1
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glucose transporter that facilitates uptake of all monosaccharides from lumen into enterocytes as well as their release from enterocytes to the blood
GLUT2
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glucose transporter located at the contralumenal side; spcifically absorbs fructose
GLUT5
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: amylose
exo-1,4-alpha glucosidase(glucoamylase); alpha-(1->4) glucose
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: isomaltose and alpha-dextrin
oligo-1,6-glucosidase(maltase); alpha(1->6)glucose
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: maltose and maltriose
alpha-glucosidase(maltase); alpha(1->4)glucose
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: sucrose
sucrose-alpha-glucosidase(sucrose); alpha(1->2)glucose
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: trehalose
alpha, alpha trehalase; alpha(1->1) glucose
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: glucosylceramide
beta-glucosidase; beta-glucose
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give enzyme and bond cleavage specificity: lactose
beta-galactosidase(lactase); beta-galactose
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Give tissue location gene and role: GLUT1
ubiquitous; SLC2A1; basal glucose uptake
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Give tissue location gene and role: GLUT2
liver, pancreatic islets, interstine; SLC2A2; removal of excess glucose from blood(liver); regulation of insulin release(pancreas)
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Give tissue location gene and role: GLUT3
brain; SLC2A3;basal glucose uptake
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Give tissue location gene and role: GLUT4
muscle, fat, heart; SLC2A4; activity increased by insulin
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Give tissue location gene and role: GLUT5
intestine, testis, kidney, sperm; SLC2A5; primarily fructose transport
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Give tissue location gene and role: GLUT6
spleen, leukocytes, brain; SLC2A6; possibly no transporter function
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non-superimposable mirror images
enantiomers
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sugars that differ in configuration at only one carbon
epimers
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contains one or more assymetric carbon atoms that occurs in optically active isometric forms
chirality
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contains carbonyl carbon at te terminal portion of the sugar
aldose
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contains a carbonly carbon at any other point in the sugar
ketose
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formula used to illustrate 3D structure of the straight-chain sugar
fischer projection
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shows the stereochemistry of the cyclic structure formed when the carbonyl carbon of C1 forms a covalent bond with the oxygen of the hydroxyl group of C4(pentoses) or C5(hexoses) of the same sugar
haworth projection
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epimer of glucose that differs at C2
mannose
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epimer of glucose that differs at C4
galactose
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epimer of glucose with carbonyl group at C2
fructose
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formed when an -OH of one monosaccharide condenses with the anomeric carbon of another monosaccharide; with elimination of H2O
glycosidic bond
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galactose + glucose
beta1->4 glycosidic linkage
lactose
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glucose + fructose
alpha1->beta2
a non-reducing sugar
sucrose
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sugars that lack free anomeric carbon
non-reducing sugar
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alpha1->4 glycosidic linkages between glucose
amylose
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alpha1->4 glycosidic linkages and alpha1->6 glycosidic linkages for every 24-30 glucose units
amylopectin
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glucose homopolysaccharide of glucose(beta1->4) glycosidic linkages
cellulose
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glucose(alpha1->4) glycosidic linkages and glucose(alpha1->6) glycosidic linkages for every 8-12 glucose units
glycogen
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