biol110-test4._tut24,26,27,28,29,30.txt

If NAD+ were to suddenly become unavailable, what would happen to cellular respiration?

This energy is needed to break bonds in the reactant molecules, then even more energy is released in an exergonic reaction when a final product molecule forms

enzymes do not add energy; instead they _____________ by lowering the activation energy necessary

_______ fit into the active sites of an enzyme where it is held to promote breaking chemical bonds

__________ which are not themselves catalysts but are requred for normal catalytic functioning

a reaction's end product inhibit the reaction itself by halting it when a certain amount of product has accumulated

The next two questions are based on the following information: A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X-->Y-->Z-->A. Product "A" binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. In this example, substance "X" is a(n) _______________.

an enzyme that changes shape when an inhibitor or an activator binds to an allosteric site that is separate from its active site

which organelle is rubisco found in the cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes?

In which of the environments listed below would a non-photosynthetic facultative anaerobe (an organism that can use either aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration/fermentation) produce the most ATP for one molecule of glucose?

Which component of cellular respiration takes place within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?

What component of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

circular DNA and binary fission is characteristic of ___________

AMP will accumulate, stimulating _______ (an allosteric enzyme),which increases the rate of glycolysis

cycle that completes the metabolic break down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide (mitochondria of eukaryotes, cytosol of prokaryotes)

serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration, this is the splitting of glucose into pyruvate

It is thought that _______ evolved from prokaryotes that inhabited the cells of other larger prokaryotes. This scenario likely originated as an endosymbiosis, in which one organism began living within the body of another.

You look at a cell under the microscope and notice that it has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. It is a ____________

Which molecule is synthesized in the nucleolus?

The surface of the rough endoplasmic is studded with _________ for protein synthesis

within the golgi apparatus, carbohydrates are added to proteins in a process known as ___________

prokaryotic cells have ER, chloroplasts, and mitochondria? T/F
True False

breakdown of dead cell or protein is done by _______________-

the primary storage organelles in the Eukaryotic cell?

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells

it enters drinking water via the feces of an infected individual, and then enters the gut of another host through the mouth. This is what?

tsetse flies are intermediate hosts of _______________

The dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates are all considered members of Kingdom _______ because they all have a __________.

is connected with killing fish and affecting people with neurotoxins. they are called ___________

Plasmodium is carried by mosquitos and kills someone every 30 seconds. This disease is commonly called

slime mold have a convergent evolution with ______________

the term for "having several distinct ancestors"

Which group in the kingdom Alveolata is involved in reef building, causes red tide, bioluminesces, and feeds on fish?

A protist that has an apical cluster of microtubules and organelles, is parasitic, and has a sporozoite stage as a component of its life cycle would likely be

Giardia is a parasite diplomonad, a ________ is a parabasalid that lives in the guts of termites

Kingdom Euglenozoa: these are primarily photosynthetic: _________________ and store surplus carbohydrates as paramylum

African sleeping sickness is caused by

small cavities enclosed in membranes that hug the internal cell surface

phytoplankton are also known under the term D___________ and some other types build corral reefs

malaria is caused by an ________________, that uses its apical complex to destroy host cells

Plants can be grown experimentally without light. What key supplemental ingredient is needed for this to occur?

What is the source of electrons in the electron transport chains of photosynthesis?

During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from _____, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from ______.

oxidizes water and supplies electrons for the primary electron acceptor: photosystem _____

NADPH is produced at the end of the ________

the process generating ATP from ADP by means of proton motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis

Compare the Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle. Which molecules are common to both cycles?

The first phase in the Calvin cycle binds one molecule of ______________ to one molecule of ______________.

The Calvin cycle can best be described as the ______________ reactions of photosynthesis.

The Calvin cycle occurs in chloroplasts because it is interdependent on ___________

the second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate

In the case of _________, the input molecules are carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH. the output molecules are sugar, ADP and NADP+

most abundant protein on Earth

A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intcrmediate in glycolysis. it regenerates to RuBP

the electron transport drives the pump that pumps protons H across the membrane-- proton H gradient is harnessed by ATP synthase to make ATP

CO2 is ______________ in photosynthesis

Light reactions harvest light for energy + ATP, ________ reactions expend energy and fix carbon using ATP and NADH

if its not green, it can NOT CO2 fix anything!!

pH is higher in the __________ of mitochondria

NAD is required in cellular respiration for : ________ and _____________

__________ are carbohydrates that function as agents capable of changing the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the reaction

__________ allow molecules to react during metabolism by lowering the activation energy

_________ regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's _______ site (that is, a site other than the protein's active site)

__________________, where a reaction's end products inhibit the reaction itself by halting it when a certain amount of product has accumulated

endothermic reactions create a ___________ delta G (ie. the reduction of CO2) AKA endergonic

exothermic reactions create a ________ delta G AKA exergonic

________ and _________ are produced by the Kreb's cycle to transfer energy to the electron transport chain?

an exergonic reaction would always be ____________

Glycolysis is thought to be one of the most ancient cellular processes because it occurs in _______ and _________

Glucose is not essential to cells that undergo cellular respiration. In fact, other molecules can be used because other molecules can enter via the _____ pathway or the _______ cycle

Mitochondria replicate by ________ and have _____ DNA

Which component of cellular respiration takes place within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion?

Rank the three major cytoskeletal components from largest to smallest (microT, intermediate f., microF)

A cell with defective lysosomes would likely be unable to ________________.

glycosylation, where carbohydrates are added to proteins, takes place in the _____________

The cell ________ is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

The most notable function of the nucleus is to store the __________ within every eukaryotic cell

Protein targeting and processing takes place in a network of membrane-bound chambers called the ______________

The __________ endoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in synthesizing lipids and in degrading toxins

The ________ endoplasmic reticulum houses ribosomes on its surface, which is where many of the proteins targeted for export are synthesized

The smallest cytoskeletal fibers are ________________, made of polymerized subunits of the globular protein actin, which are strung together like beads on a string. Microfilaments play a critical role in cell motility

____________ play an important role in supporting cell structures and anchoring organelles in the correct position within the cell. they are relatively static unlike the other 2

____________ are actually hollow tubes consisting of rows of paired tubulin molecules. _________ are very important to major cellular events (e.g., mitosis) and they also have a major structural role