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Cerebral Angiography measurs what?
- Density - radio opaque fluid is injected to carotid arteries.
- Good for revealing tumors
- Invasive
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What do Myelograms measure?
- Density - radio opaque fluid (same as Cerebral Angiography) injected into subarachnoid space
- Good for revealing spinal cord tumors
- Invasive
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Computed Tomography scans measure what?
- Density - they are x-rays of cross sections of your body
- Makes soft tissues more visible
- Can distinguish occlusions from hemorrhages by looking at the density of the tissue (flooded with blood = hemorrhage)
- Non-invasive
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging measures what?
- Composition
- The electromagnetic signals from the nuclei of cells is momentarily deflected (scrambled). When they return to position, they emit a unique signal.
- Different cells have different signals, so you can tell when something is normal or pathological
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B-Mode Carotid Imaging measures what?
- Composition (ultrasound)
- Reveals regions of stenosis of the the extra cranial arteries or carotids
- Not ideal for cranial arteries since the ultrasound waves cannot penetrate bone.
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Carotid Phonoangiography measures what?
- Composition
- Microphone listens to the blood flow of the carotids
- ex: more thrombi = noisier blood
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound measures what?
- Composition
- High frequency sound wave targets specific arteries in the cranium
- Determines blood pressure and flow
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Electroencephalogram measures what?
- Activity (EEG)
- Records the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex
- If there is a focal disturbance in the electrical activity, the rhythm is off and a lesion is present
- Brain potentials are evoked by various stimuli
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Electromyography measures what?
- Activity
- Invasive (hook needles in muscles)
- Electrical activity in muscles at rest indicated presence of fasciculations or fibrillations
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Position Emission Tomography measures what?
- Activity (PET scan)
- Glucose solution tags areas of greatest activity and blood flow
- Good for regions of hypofunction/inactivity
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Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography measures what?
- Activity (SPECT scan)
- Measues the rCBF and looks for regions of inactivity
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Functional MRI measures what?
- Activity
- Doesn't use radioactive isotope tracers
- Detects increased hemoglobin (iron) in a magnetic field
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Which pathologies are considered gradual/uninterrupted?
Dementia, degenerative diseases, and tumors (astrocytoma)
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Which pathologies are considered rapid/uninterrupted?
Malignancy (glioblastoma multiforme), encephalitis, ALS
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Which pathologies are considered to be rapid/plateaus (versus uninterrupted)?
Occlusive (thromboembolic) disease
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Which pathologies are considered gradual/remission?
Multiple sclerosis, vasuclar disease (esp. small arteries)
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Which diseases are considered familial (tendency in family)?
Arteriosclerosis, hypertension, cancer, alzheimers
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Which diseases are condsidered hereditary?
Huntington's Chorea, Myotonic Dystrophy, Friedrich's Ataxia
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Damage to CN5 Trigeminal can cause what?
Weakness of masseter and Temporalis muscles results in deviation of jaw to injured side
Normally has present jaw-jerk reflex (rapid downward motion elicits upward contraction)
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Damage to CN7 Facial causes what?
Results in Bell's Palsy, drooping expression of affected side
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Damage to CN8 Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) causes what?
Loss of acuity and equilibrium
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Damage to CN9 Glossopharyngeal causes what?
Weakened gag reflex - velum deviates away from affected side due to contraction of the intact side
Contributes to afferent (sensation) component of gag reflex
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Damage to CN10 Vagus causes?
Weakened palatal elevation, loss of gag reflex, vocal fold paralysis on injured side
Contributes to the efferent (motor) component of gag reflex
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Damage to CN11 Accessory causes what?
Drooping/stooped posture
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Damage to CN12 Hypoglossal causes what?
Fasciculation, deviation toward side of damage (tongues is pushed across midline by "stronger" side)
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Lateral retinal fields are contralateral or ipsilateral?
Ipsilateral - lateral like on your glasses stems
Light arrives finally at the ipsilateral cortex
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Nasal Retinal fields are contralateral or ipsilateral?
Contralateral, and cross at point of optic chiasm
Light arrives finally at the contralateral cortex
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Damage (lesion) to posterior optic chiasm results in what?
Homonymous Hemianopsia for OPPOSITE/contralateral visual field:
Left temporal lobe = right visual field cut (Wernicke's) and vice versa
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Tunnel Vision is caused by a lesion where?
- Crossing fibers of the optic chiasm are destroyed
- Right and left visual fields are cut, leaving only nasal retinal fields
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MCA & PCA supply what?
Macula of the retina
Damage to visual cortex results in anopia, although the watershed area of MCA and PCA means limited damage
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A Dr. taking your passive arm and holding it over your head is testing for what?
Spasticity - resistance to rapid stretch
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What is spastic catch hypotonia?
Abrupt increase in movement that elicits resistance
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What is clasp knife phenomenon hypotonia?
movement at continuous rate leading to diminished resistance
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Choreas, athetosis, dystonia, myoclonus all result because of damage to what system?
Extrapyramidal
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Fasciculations and Fibrillations result because of damage where?
LMN, peripheral damage
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Disturbed recognition of objects through touch (due to damage in sensory cortex) is what?
Asterognosis
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Agnosias are what?
The inablility to recognize stimuli that can otherwise be recognized through another modality where the affected modality has normal sensation
Is a NEGATIVE diagnosis
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Inablitity to names SEEN items
Visual agnosia
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Inability to recognized HEARD items
Auditory agnosia
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Pt. can recognize common nonverbal sounds but has severely impaired comprehension of words (Wernicke's area is isolated from the auditory cortex)
Auditory-Verbal agnosia (Pure Word Deafness)
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Inability to recognize items through touch (unseen)
Tacile agnosia
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