Exam 9

• Upper Respiratory Bacterial
• streptococcus pyogenes
• inflammation of throat, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, tosilitis, earache
• ELISA

• Upper Respiratory Bacterial
• advanced strep throat (erythrogenic strains)
• red rash, high fever, enlarged tounge

strains of Strep that are lysogenized by phage

• Upper Respiratory Bacterial
• Corynebacterium diptheriae
• exotoxin is produced when bacteria is lysogenized by phage

• Earache
• Upper Respiratory Bacterial
• strep pyogenes, s. aureus, strep pneumonia, haemophilus influenzea, moraxella catarrhalis

• Upper Respiratory Viral
• Usually Rhinovirus, over 200 others
• sneezing, nasal secretions, congestions
• usually in winter because of more indoor contact and dry air

• Lower Respiratory Bacterial
• Bordella pertussis
• cold-like but with deep cough
• can last for months

• Lower Respiratory Bacterial
• Mycoacterium Tuberculosis
• Acid-Fast (resistant to drying and disinfectants)

• Lesions formed by dead machrophages and m. tuberculosis. apperas Ghons complex in x-rays.
• Explodes and new infection goes through blood and lymph

• Lower Respiratory Bacterial
• usually caused by streptococcus pneumonia but can be others

• Lower Respiratory Bacterial
• Burkholderia pseudomallei
• transmitted by inhalation, injestion or puncture wound
• leads to pneumonia, spesis  and encephalitis

• Lower Respiratory Viral
• usually influenza

• Lower Respiratory Viral
• most common cause of pneumonia in infants

• Lower Respiratory Viral
• Caused by A, B, or C
• and characterized by H or N spikes embedded in lipid bilayer

sever strain called Spanish Flu that killed 50 million people in 1908

Asian Flu in 1957

• Hong Kong in 1968
• moderate
• First modern pandemic originating in China in 1889

• Amantadine
• Rimantadine

Amphotericin B

• Lower Respiratory Fungal
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• sub-clinical, mild, occansionally severe

• Lower Respiratory Fungal
• coccidiodes immitis
• usually subclinical
• in immunocomprimised patients may look like TB

• Lower Respiratory Fungal
• pneumocytis jirovecii (normal flora of lungs)
• in immunocompromised people only

• Lower Respiratory Fungal
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• begins in lungs and can spread to cause extensive absesses

• Include Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Mucor, but can be others
• will cause lung diesase if given the chance

• major cause of acid production from fructuse on oral cavity
• acid eats away enamel and causes cavities

Also produces dextran from glucose wich allows organisms to form biofilm and stick to teeth as plaque

40%

• low calorie sweetners that microbes down use
• used in sugar free gum and other prodcuts

large #s of bacteria

eating endotoxins that bacteria produce in food instead of the bacteria themselves

• inflammation of gums, bone loss and tooth loss
• caused by streptococcus species, actinomyces and anaerobic gram neg bacteria

• BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
• clostridium botulinum
• fever (gram neg), diarrhea, gastroenteritis

• BACTERIAL INTOXICATION
• S. aureus
• ingesting food containing an enterotoxin from s. aureous
• s.a. is heat/salt resistant so it grows easly on left out food
• abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• recovery in 24 hours

• 4 species of Shigella bacteria that produce Shiga toxins
• digestive

• septic shock in infants and elderly
• make sure all eggs and poultry are fully cooked

• Salmonella Typhi
• much more serious than salmonellosis
• carriers can harbor pathogen in gallbladder and shed
• Typhoid Mary

• huge loss of fluids from vomiting/diarrhea
• without treatment 50% MR

• V. parahaemolyticus
• V. vulnificus
• gastroenteritis from eating raw shellfish (esp. oysters)

• E. coli O:157, H:7
• causes bleeding of colon, hemmorhagic colitis and can lead to shutdown of kidneys in children
• undercooked gound beef

• most common cause of diarrhea in US
• cows milk

can grow at refridgerated temps (4 degrees C)

• bacterial-digestive
• exotoxins produced in IT cause symptoms
• associated with cooked meats held at room temp for too long (spores survive cooking then germinate)
• self limiting abdominal pain and diarrhea

• mostly in hosptials and nursing homes after extensive use of antibiotics
• wipes out competing bacteria in flora
• diarrhea but can be deadly

• bacterial digestive
• fried rice
• two types: diarrhea, or emetic (nausea, vomiting)
• self-limiting

• viral-digestive
• enters through respiratory tract
• vaccination available

• inflammation of liver
• loss of appetitie, malaise, fever, jaundise

• grows throughout body
• shed in feces (fecal oral route)
• vaccine available esp for foreign travelers
• 50% subclincal

• blood bourne
• serious chronic can lead to liver cirrosis or chancer
• blood is checked for HBV before transfusions
• vaccines available

• blood transmitted
• usually mild but can become chronic like hep B

• Rotovirus and Norovirus
• usually shorter incubation time than bacterial

• claviceps purpurea (fungus-digestive)
• grows on cereal grains stored with too much mositure
• in Midevil Europe entire towns were going crazy (possible Salem Witch Trials)

• asperigillus flavus (fungal) INTOXICATION
• potent liver carcinogen
• especially on peanuts

• protozoan
• prolonged diarrheal disease
• common during camping/swimming seasons

found in contaminated produce

• in contaminated waters
• hard to get rid of
• protozoan-digestive

• entamoeba histolytica (protozoa)
• ameobas feed on gastrointestinal tissue and RBC's
• can result in absesses in large intestine

• Helmith-digestive-cestodes
• undercooked beef and pork
• taena genus worms have head (scolex) that attaches to IT, eggs are shed in feces 
• humans are definitive hosts
• sub clincial

• nematode
• larvae can bore right through skin and migrate to intestinal tract
• helmith-digestive

• helmith-digestive
• acquired by ingesting eggs esp from undercooked fish (sushi)
• nematode

• helmith-digestive
• nematode
• from undercooked pork
• worms mature in intestinal tract, lay eggs which migrate to muscle tissue
• high fever, swelling around eyes, GI distress

• pinworms: enterobius vermicularis
• humans are definitve hosts
• helmith

• Echinococcus granulosis 
• dogworm from kissing dogs
• humans are intermediate hosts-dogs, wolves and foxes are definitive hosts

• e. coli (75% of the time)
• inflammation of one or both kidneys

• found in urine contamited water
• chills headaches, fever, muscle aches

• bacterial
• most common reportable STD in US
• newborns are protected with antibiotic on eyes to kill gonorrhea and chlaymidia

• Inflection of bladder
• usually e.coli or staph but can be many other gram neg organisms

• most caused by chalmydia trachomatis (bacterial)
• Most common STD

• bacterial!
• inflammation of uterine tubes
• if untreated can cause sterility
• caused by n. gonorrhea, c. trachomatis and others

• treponema pallidum (bacteria-spirochete)
• 3 stages (primary, secondary and tertirary)
• tertirary affects brain

• tropical and subtropical 
• Chlamydia (intracellular bacterial)
• lymph system swells

• haemophils ducreyi
• bacterial reproductive

• gardenella vaginalis
• bacterial reproductive

• Human papillomavirus
• vaccines available
• can lead to cervical cancer

• Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
• most people keep this in check with immune system

• fungal (candida albicans-has both mold and yeast characteristics)
• NGU
• predisposing factors: pregnanacy, diabetes, tumors, broad spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy

• Protozoan (trichomonas vaginalis)
• pH of vagina = too alkaline