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What is found in urine / urinanalysis that is NOT found normally in urine?
- Glucose - think Diabetes
- Ketones - think poorly controlled Diabetes
- Protein / Albumins - think Kidney Disease
- RBCs / WBCs - think UTI
- Elevated Bilirubin levels - think Gallstones
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What are the characteristics of a patients stool in cases of Upper GI Bleeding?
Black and Tarry (Melena)
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What are the characteristics of a patients stool in cases of Lower GI Bleeding?
Bright Red
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If a patient has pencil thin stools, what should you consider?
Colon Cancer - mass partially obstructing colon
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What is the term for Elevated WBC count?
Leukocytosis
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What is the term for Decreased WBC count?
Leukopenia
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What is the term for Elevated RBC count?
Erythrocytosis
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What is the term for Decreased RBC count?
Erythropenia
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What is the term for Elevated Platelet count?
Thrombocytosis
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What is the term for Decreased Platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia
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If a CBC indicates an elevated level of PMNs / Neutrophils, what does that indicate?
Bacterial Infection
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If a CBC indicates an elevated level of Lymphocytes, what does that indicate?
Viral Infection
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If a CBC indicates an excessive elevation of WBCs, what does that indicate?
Leukemia (Bone Marrow Cancer)
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If a patient has ↑TSH and ↓T4, what condition does this patient have?
Primary Hypothyroidism
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If a patient has ↑↑TSH and ↑↑T4, what condition does this patient have?
Pituitary Adenoma
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If a patient has ↓TSH and ↑↑T4, what condition does this patient have?
Hyperthyroidism
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If a patient has ↓↓TSH (near zero) and ↑↑T4, what condition does this patient have?
Thyroid Tumor
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What is the condition where the liver enzyme SGOT is elevated?
Alcoholic Hepatitis
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What is the condition where the liver enzyme SGPT is elevated?
Viral Hepatitis
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What is checked when tesing PSA?
- Prostate size - Prostate Specific Antigen
- Normal: < 4
- Borderline: 4-10
- Abnormal: > 10
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What is checked when looking at HgbA1c?
Measure how well blood glucose WAS controlled over past 3 months
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What can cause Hyperkalemia?
- RBC Hemolysis - cells, when broken, release K+ in to blood
- KI Failure - easiest way to release K+
- *↑↑K+ can stop His-Purkinje System (cardiac arrest)
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What can cause Hypokalemia?
- Excessive urination / People in Diuretics - releases more K+
- *can alter EKG
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If a patient has elevated levels of amylase and lipase, what condition do they have?
Pancreatitis
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What does ESR check?
Rate of inflammatory reaction
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What can cause Hypercalcemia?
- Dehydration - less water, higher mineral concentration
- Cancer - Lung Cancer produces a PTH-like substance
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism - ↑↑PTH
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism - ↑↑PTH
- Renal Failure
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What can cause Hypocalcemia?
- Starvation / chronic prolonged appetite
- Hypoalbuminemia
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If a patient has ↑BUN and normal Creatinine, what condition does this patient have?
Dehydration / GI Bleeding
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If a patient has ↑BUN and ↑Creatinine, what condition does this patient have?
Kidney Disease
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If a patient has normal BUN and ↑Creatinine, what condition does this patient have?
Kidney Disease
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