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3.5mm TRS plug
- Audio jacks
- TRS = Tip-Ring-Sleeve
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- VGA
- 15-pin DE connector
- DE: small size
- ANALOG
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- Serial port
- DE-9 (9 pin)
- pins are male on ports
- rarely 25 pin
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Firewire 400
1/2/400 Mbps half-duplex
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Firewire 800
800 Mbps full-duplex
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- Parallel Port
- DB-25 connector
- used for printers usually
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- PS/2 Port
- 6-pin mini Din
- Green: Mouse
- Purple: Keyboard
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- SIMM (Single inline memory module)
- 30 or 72 pin (pictured)
- old
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- RIMM
- 16-bit (184 pins) or 32-bit (232 pins)
- Contained RDRAM
- Required you to fill up all your memory slots with RIMM or else use Continnuity RIMM (C-RIMM) in empty slots
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- DIMM
- Electrical contacts on both sides
- 64-bit data width (latest technology)
- Used for SDRAM (168 pins)
- DDR2 (184 pins)
- DDR3 (240 pins)
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- SODIMM
- Mini DIMM
- 72/100/144/200/204 pins
- Used in laptops
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- PGA (Pin-Grid Array) CPU
- No insertion force (keyed with an arrow)
- Locked in with bars
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Socket 478
- Intel Pentium IV
- Intel Celeron
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Slot 1 (242)
- Intel Pentium II, III
- Single Edge Cartridge
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Socket 370
- Intel Pentium III
- Intel Celeron
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Southbridge
I/O controller hub
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Northbridge
Memory controller
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Frontside bus
CPU <-> Northbridge
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PC AT Bus
- 16-bit width
- 7 MHz clock rate
- ~ 14 Mbps
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IBM PC XT Bus
- 8-bit width ISA bus
- 7 MHz clock rate
- ~ 7 Mbps
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PCI 2.1
- 32-64-bit bus width
- 3.3/5v
- 266/532Mbps
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PCI 2.3
Doesn't support 5V
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- PCI slots
- 2 spaces: 32-bit
- 3 spaces: 64-bit
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PCIe
- 1.1: up to 8Gbps
- 2.0/2.1: 16Gbps
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AMR Bus
- Audio/Modem riser for NICs
- Looks like AGP
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CNR Bus
- Comm and Network Riser
- Also little like AGP
- Used for NICs
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Laptop cards
- PCMCIA (PC Card)
- CardBus
- ExpressCard
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Single communication path in PCIe
Lane
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ATAPI
- ATA Packet Interface
- for CD-ROMs and other non-hard drive devices
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SATA
- 1.5 - 6.0 Gbps
- SATA3.0 is current
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eSATA
- external hard drive SATA
- requires DC external power adapter (unless it's the new kind)
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RAID 0
- Striping
- Files split between multiple drives
- Fast but no redundancy; if one drive fails, they both go
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RAID 1
- Mirroring
- Everything duplicated between discs
- Required disk space is doubled
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RAID 5
- Striping w/Parity
- Files split between 3 discs, fourth disc has parity
- Each disc contains file blocks and parities
- High redundancy, somewhat slower performance
- Hot swappable
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Software-based RAID
- Based on Operating System
- lower performance than hardware RAID
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Hardware-based RAID
- OS sees one disk
- high performance, high speed
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Function of Northbridge
- Talks to CPU via FSB
- talks to AGP/PCIe
- talks to RAM
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Examples of interfaces connected to Southbridge
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Northbridge (usually covered by heatsink)
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Notice the south bridge sits physically near the I/O devices it controls
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Controls the Flash BIOS ROM
Southbridge
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- CMOS
- Stores date & time
- Stores BIOS configs
- Integrated into Southbridge
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BIOS needs to be configured on every boot
CMOS battery is bad
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ATX 12V
- Original ATX power standard
- 20-pin
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ATX 12V 1.3
- 20-pin motherboard connector
- optional 4-pin (additional power) connector
- optinal 6-pin auxilary connector (pentium IV only)
- not standardized
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ATX12V 2.0
- 20-pin connector
- always extra 4-pin motherboard connector
- SATA connector
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ATX 12V 2.2 & 2.3
- 24-pin main connector
- PCIe connector
- no auxilary connectors
- energystar compliant (2.3)
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Hyperthreading
- CPU acts as 2 CPU's
- 15-30% increased performance
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CPU Cache
- really fast memory
- holds instructions
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Bus Size always matches CPU architecture
- False
- 64-bit bus can accomodate 32-bit processor
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Paging Systems/ Virtual Memory
Hard Drive temporarily allocating information from the RAM
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SDRAM
- Synchronous DRAM
- Synchronized to bus
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PC1600
PC2-3200
- RAM throughput:
- PC1600 = 1600 Mb/s
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CAS Latency (CL)
Clock cycle between memory request sent and received
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Parity memory
- Parity bit checks for errors
- can't correct them
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ECC Memory
Corrects errors
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PROM
- Programmable ROM
- Write once
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SRAM
- Static RAM (Non volatile)
- Fast
- Low power requirement
- Kind of bulky in size
- often used in processor L1/L2/L3 Cache
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DRAM
- The RAM you think about first
- Needs to be refreshed constantly
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SDRAM
- Synchronous DRAM
- Synchronized with system clock
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DDR SDRAM
- Double Data Rate
- Twice the rate of SDRAM
- PC-1600: 1600Mbps data rate
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How to calculate peak data rate of memory
- (Clock rate x bus clock multiplier x # bits transferred) / 8
- eg: 100 MHz x 1 (DDR) x 2 (dual data rate) x 64 = 12800
- eg: 100MHz x 2 (DDR2) x 2 (dual dara rate) x 64
- eg: 100MHz x 4 (DDR3) x 2 (dual data rate) x 64
- 12800/2 = 1600 Mbps aka PC-1600
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PC2-3200
- PC2 = DDR2 memory
- 3200 = 3200 Mbps
- PC3 = DDR3
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This kind of RAM is expensive and takes up lots of space
SRAM
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Unit for measuring screen brightness
- candela per square meter
- cd/m2
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Latest laptop expansion card; comes in 34/54mm
ExpressCard
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NiCd Nickel Cadmium battery
- Deep discharge
- Expensive
- Stopped being used
-
NiMH Nickel Metal Hydride
- Can be overcharged
- high self-discharge rate (it loses power even when not in use)
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Li-On Lithium Ion battery
- Limited charge cycles
- capacity decreases over time
- Doesn't handle deep discharge well
-
Best way to determine battery capacity
Watt-Hours (WH)
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Process of laser printing
- A drum spins and directly contacts the paper.
- The drum is cleaned and then charged (ions)
- A laser writes to the drum using mirrors (adjusts ions)
- Developer sticks toner to areas designated by laser
- Drum spins and writes image to paper
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Cons of Inkjet printers
- Expensive, proprietary ink
- ink fades
- nozzles clog easily
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Pros of dot matrix printer
- Good for carbon copies (uses pins)
- Cheap
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Cons of dot matrix printer
- Noisy
- Shitty graphics (used only for text)
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Thermal Printers
- White paper heated to turn different colors
- Quiet
- Used for receipts
- Sensitive to heat/light/tape
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Which part of the laser printing process attaches the ink to the paper?
Fuse
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