-
albuminuria
proteinuria
- presence of albumin in the urine
- =renal disease or heavy exercise
-
anuria
absence of urine formation
-
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in urine
-
dysuria
painful urination
-
enuresis
incontinence, lack of bladder control/invountary discharge of urine
-
nocturnal enuresis
incontinence at night
-
-
glucosuria
sugar in urine
-
stress irinary incontinence
incontinence during a cough, sneeze or strained exercise
-
ketonuria
ketone bodies in the urine
-
ketone bodies/ketone compounds
- acids which are the product of abnormal use of carbohydrates during metabolism
- seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
-
nocturia
urination at night
-
oliguria
small/scanty production of urine
-
polyuria
excessive urination
-
pyuria
- white blood cells (pus) in urine
- sign of infection
-
urinary retention
retention of urine, inability to void urine
-
glomerulonephritis
form of nephritis unvolving the glomerulus
-
hydronephrosis
pooling of urine in renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction of flow
-
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
-
nephrosis
degenerative disease of the renal tubules
-
nephrolithiasis
- presence of renal stone-due to mineral build up in kindney
- from hyperuricuria or hypercalciuria
-
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
-
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
-
urethrocystitis
inflammation of the urethra and bladder
-
urethral stenosis
narrowed condition of the urethra
-
urinary tract infection (UTI)
pathogenic organisms in urinary tract-urethra & bladder
-
uremia
azotemia
excess urea/nitrogenous waste in blood due to kidney failure
-
cystoscopy
examination of the bladder using a cystoscope
-
kidney biopsy (Bx)
renal biopsy
removal od kidne ytissue for pathological examination
-
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
intravenous urogram
- x-ray of urinary tract
- revealing obstruction, trauma, etc. thru use contrast medium injection (iodine)
-
kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
abdominal x-ray of the kidney, ureter and bladder
-
scout film
x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology
-
renal angiogram
x-ray of renal artery
-
retrograde pyelogram
- x-ray of upper urinary tract
- to detect presence of stones
-
abdominal sonogram
ultrasound image of urinary tract
-
urinalysis (UA)
physical, chemical and microscopic examination of the urine
-
urinalysis (UA) components
- CHEMICAL TESTS FOR UA
- specific gravity: kidneys ability to concentrate/dilute urine
- pH: acidity/alkalinity of urine
- glucose: sugar level in urine-diabetes
- albumin: protein/albumin in urine
- ketones: ketone bodies in urine, if found, fats are being usde instead of carbs-unstable diabetic state
- occult blood, urine: detects hidden blood in urine-kidney bleeding
- bilirubin: bilirubin in urine-gallbladder/liver disease
- urobilinogen: bile pigment in urine-gallbladder/liver disease
- nitrite: bacteria in urine
- microscopic findings: to identify abnormal constituents in urine
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