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list the 3 meristems responsible for primary growth
- procambrium
- protoderm
- ground
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what is secondary growth
growth in girth
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active transport in plants powered by a gradient of ____
protons
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the stage of embryonic developement in animals when the blastopore and germ layers form
gastrulation
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endoderm
germ layer that forms the inner lining of the alimentary canal
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parazoans have no true ____
tissue
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two large groups of animals that are distinguished based on the type of symetry they posses
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characteristics that all chordates have at some point in life cycle
- notochord
- dorsal hollow nerve
- pharyngeal slits
- postanal tail
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apoptosis
genetically programmed cell death; cell suicide
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vessel elements
xylem cell found only in angiosperms
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ethylene
hormone that causes fruit ripening
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in a tree trunk, all the tissue external to the vascular cambium makes up the ____
bark
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condrichthyes
a group of jawed fishes with skeletons of cartilage
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protosomes which molt, specifically the anthropods and nematodes, belong to this group
ecdysozoa
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what is unique about how prototherians reproduce compared to other mammals
oviparous-egg laying
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group of vertebrates without jaws
agnathae
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apoplastic
route by which material can move through plant tissues along or through the cells walls (never crossing a plasma membrane)
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plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic connection between two adjacent plant cells
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acid growth hypothesis
when the hormone auxin accelerates the protein pump in target cells elongation turns on enzyme expansions. cell damage. the cell wall becomes acidid because of the protons being pumped into it
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radial cleavage (decribe, occurs in what phyla)
the plane of the cleavage is either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis
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amnion (what is it, function, what groups of animals have it)
a thin tough membranous sac that surrounds the embryo, contains amniotic fluid that provides a watery enviroment for the embryo (amniates)
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double fertilization
first sperm combines with the egg to form the zygote, the second sperm combines with the central cell to form a 3N(triploid) endosperm. it's a way to ensure the endosperm will not form unless the egg has been fertilized
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casparian strip (location, function)
a region of wax called suberin that lines the endodermis and blocks the apoplastic route, forcing selectivity
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