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What is the job of the endocrine glands?
To secrete chemicals in the blood called hormones
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Paracrine glands are found in the stomach and local tissue - what is one type/example?
prosteglandins
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What are cells acted on by hormones?
Target Organ Cells
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What is the difference between a nonsteroid hormone and a steroid hormone?
- A nonsteroid hormone are made of protiens and have to bind to receptors found on the cell membrane (1st messanger to 2nd messanger)
- A steroid hormone enters target cells and directly act with DNA in the nucleus
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What is hormone secretion controlled by?
Homeostatic feedback
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What is a negative feedback and one example?
Mechanisms that reverse the direction of change in a physiologic system - example. insilin
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What is a positive feedback and one example?
(uncommon) mechanisms that amplify physiologic changes - example. oxytocin
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Give an example of a paracrine factor
Prostaglandins
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Where is the pituitary gland found?
Attached to the hypothalamus - in the center of the brain, if you need surgery on it, it must be through the nose
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What are the two types of pituitary glands and their alternative names?
- Anterior Pituitary Gland - adenohypophysis
- Posterior Pituitary Gland - neurohypophysis
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What are the 7 major hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?
- TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- ACTH - Adrenocorticorticotropic Hormone
- FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- LH - Lutenizing Hormone
- GH - Growth Hormone
- PH - Prolactin Hormone
- MSH - Melanocytic Stimulating Hormone
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What is the function of the TSH?
stimulates growth in the thyroid gland stimulates it to secrete the thyroid hormone
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What is the function of the ACTH?
stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids
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What is the function of the FSH
initiates growth of the ovarian follicles in the ovaries and stimulates 1 or more follice to develop to the stage of maturity or ovulation. Also stimulates estrogen to develop follicles and sperm production.
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What is the function of the LH?
- acts with FSH to stimulate the estrogen secretion and follicle growth - causing ovulation.
- this causes lutenation of the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion by the corpus lutem
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What is the function of the GH?
- stimulates growth by accelerating protien and anabolism.
- also accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism
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When the GH slows glucose catabolism, this tends to increase your blood glucose level higher than normal called what?
Hyperglycemia
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What is the function of the prolactin?
stimulates breast development during pregnancy and the secretion of milk after the delivery
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What are the major hormones of the posterior putuitary gland?
- ADH -antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin
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What is the function of the ADH?
accelerates the water absorbtion from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood, decresing urine secretion
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What is the function of the oxytocin?
- stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract
- initiates labor
- helps breast create milk in ducts
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The actual production of the ADH and oxytocin are in the _____?
hypothalamus and then passed into the pituitary gland
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What controls the secretion and release of the posterior pituitary glands?
Nervous Stimulation
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
controls the body's homeostasis (temperature, appetite, and thirst)
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What are the names of the 2 hormones produced in the thyroid gland?
- Thyroid hormone
- Calcitonin (decreases blood calcium, the calcium gets absorbed by bone causing bone build up)
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What is the name of the hormone produced in the parathyroid gland?
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) which increases blood calcium, causing bone breakdown from calcium being took from bone
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What are the hormones produced in the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex)?
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralocorticoids
- Sex Hormones
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What is another name for hydrocortisone (Cortisol) and it's function?
GC - Glucocorticoid - It helps maintain normal glucose concentration by increasing gluconeogenesis
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What is another name for Mineralocorticoids and it's function?
Aldosterone - it increases sodium and decreases potassium
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What is the function of gluconeogenesis?
the formation of "new" glucose from amino acids produced by the breakdown of protiens & the conversion to glucose of fatty acids
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What are the hormones released in the Adrenal Medulla and their functions?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine - their function is to help the body resist stress
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What are the hormones of the Pancreatic Islets and what cells are they secreted by?
- Glucogen - secreted by alpha cells
- Insulin - secreted by beta cells
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What are the functions of glucogen and insulin?
- Glucogen increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis
- Insulin decreases the blood glucose level by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood and into cells which increases glucose metabolism by cells
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What are the two structures of the female sex gland (ovaries) that secrete hormones (estrogen)?
the Ovarian Follicles and the Corpus Luteum
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What is the structure of the male sex gland (testies) that secrete hormones (testosterone)?
the Interstitial Cells
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What is the hormone secreted from the Thymus and it's function?
Thymosin - helps with the body's immune system
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Where is the pineal gland located, nickname, function, and what does it secrete?
- located near the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain
- nickname is "third eye"
- function is helping the amount of light entering the eyes
- secretes melatonin
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What is the funtion of melatonin?
regulates the body's internal clock and inhibits ovarian activity
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What hormone does the atrial wall of the heart secrete?
ANH - atrial natriuretic hormone
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What is blood minus it's cells?
Plasma
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On average how much blood is in our bodies?
4 - 6 L on average
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What elements are formed in blood?
- RBC - erythrocytes
- WBC- leukocytes
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
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What are the two types of leukocytes and examples?
- Granular - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
- Nongranular - lymphocytes and monocytes
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What is the function of RBC's?
to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What is the red pigment in the blood and what does it do?
hemoglobin - carries oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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What is the function of WBC's?
defense, helps with immunity
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What is an anticoagulant which keeps a clot from getting too big?
Heparin
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What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+
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What blood type is the universal donor?
O-
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What is an antigen?
protiens that determine "self" from "foreign"
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