fungal diseases

• Yeast
• Hyphae

• are unicellular
• and reproduce asexually via budding or fission

• are multicellular
• and reproduce sexually or asexually

• Dimorphism( comfounds classification)
• rigid cell walls (consist of chitin)
• body(thallus) consist of mycelium
• fruiting bodies

loosely organized masses of filaments called hyphae

• they are chemoheteropods
• fermentation abilities are utilized in food industry and medical applications (penacillin)
• extracellulary digest food and obtain nutrients and absorption
• most are saprophyted (ex. decomposers)
• some form symbiotic relationships with plants (mycorinisae)

• often faculative, rarely obligated
• few are human pathogens

• Proximity to host (need to gain access to host)
• environmental resorvior is spores or normal flora
• ability to adhere and penetrate cells and resist removal
• ability to digest and absorb nutrients from host

• frequent epithelial cell turnover( skin naturally shed)
• pH of skin and mucosa
• normal flora will fight it off
• cilia will prevent it from entering the respiratory tract
• Treatments are often toxic to human and fungal cells

• are common fungal diseases that effect only keratinized tissue
• epidermal layer
• hair
• nails
• urogenital(vaginitis,yeast infection) ,
• oral(thrush,oropharyngeal),
• skin,
• fingernails.

usually involve dermophytes affecting the epidermis

affects the skin layers beneath the epidermis (usually due to punctures or skin wounds) tissue, bones, and lymphatics

• are rare and originate in the lungs and then invade other organs, kidneys, liver, spleen,brain,eyes,heart,major organs
• deeply invasive
• 4th most common form of nosocomial infections in US

are serious diseases encountered by perple with reduced immune sustems

• ringworm
• candidasis

• Aspergillosis
• Histoplasmosis

• Dermastophytes
• sp. tricopytan, microsporium, epidermopyton

Keratinase used to breakdown proteins found in skin, hair and nails

spores can live for more than a year in human skin scales in the environment

• direct
• indirect (fomites)
• vectors (domestic animals)

• itchy
• unsightly
• persistant

• tinea corpis- body
• tinea capitis- scalp
• tinea barbae- beard
• tinea cruris- groin/joc itch
• tinea pedis-toes
• tinea unguium-fingernals, toenails

• anti-fungal creams and/or antifungal oral medications
• removal of dead epithelial tissue
• good hygiene

• good hygiene
• treat items for spores
• avoid prore contaminated objects (gyms,lockers,pools)

Candida albicans

• unicellular
• budding yeast
• ubiquitous
• normal microflora
• invasive pathogen
• thrives in damp, warm conditions
• most common opportunistic fungal infection

direct

superficial-urogenital(vaginitis,yeast infection) , oral(thrush,oropharyngeal), skin, fingernails.

• infants, pple w/ dentures, pregnant wmn, diabetics, long ter use of chemotherapeutics, immunocompromised indeviduals
• most common cause of diaper rash

• sometimes drying agents
• Antifungal drugs (topical,oral, IV, suppositories)

• prevent/control optimal growth conditions for yeast (moisture, heat,friction)
• maitenance of hygiene, skin integrity, immune system functioning

Aspergillus fumigatus

• ubiqutous
• small spores are buoyant( remain airborne)
• may produce mycotoxins which can cause liver cancer

• indirect (fomites)
• vehicles (airborne food)

• allergic aspergillosis
• aspergillomas
• invasive pulmonary infection

• common in asthmatics
• Lungs: weezing, cough,malais,fever etc.
• Sinuses:facial pressure, headache, blocked nose, yellow or green discharge from the nose and cough

may form in the lungs or other organs

fever chest pain shortness of breath blood in septum and urine, pneumonia, delarium, menengitis, shock, endocarditis

• allergies: immunosuppressant drugs (predizone, steroids)
• invasive pulmonary: Antifungal agents (oral or IV.), Surgical removal of aspergillomas or infected ares (endocarditis)

• Masks
• Mintain hygiene & immine functioning

food poisoning via aflatoxins, contaminated foods ( milk and p. butter)

histoplasma capsulatum

• Ubiquitous to soil (found in poultry, house litter, caves, areas harboring bats, and in birds roosts)
• Dimorphic fungal shapes ( changes shape, filimentous(naturally); yeast (in humans))

vehicle (airborne inhilation of spores)

• Asymptomatic 90%
• Invasive infection (pneumonia like)-chills,fever, chest pain when breathing.
• Chronic invasive infection (Tb like symptoms)- granulomas
• Dissemination to meninges and internal organs
• *most common is chronic and dissemination

• Mild cases are self limiting
• Antifungal agents (long term needed for some cases)
• Supportive therapy

• Regulate vectors (bats or birds)- control population numbers, properly manage waste
• Use protective gear/ mask in high risk areas