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Zosimus
- Wrote the new history
- written in greek
- was a Byzantine historian
- only pagan source from the period who describes evencts from augustus to the fall of the empire
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Theodocian Code
- Compiled in 438
- Collected laws by emperors from constantine onward
- provides understanding of administrative workings to regulators governing social relations
- describes in detail political events
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Libanius
- Greek sophist and Rhetorcian
- his letters and orations are a major source of information for the eastern part of the empire
- attempted to live and write as though christianity didn't exist
- was a greek intellectual
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Confession
- written by St. augustine
- An autobiography of a young man growing up in Roman north africa and Italy
- written in Latin
- Broke fresh ground as literature
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Constantius II
- Recieved eastern provinces after the death of Constantine
- Defeated Magentius
- was a utilitarian
- endorsed Homoiousios thinking it would be recieved more readily by the Roman Citizenry
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Constans
- Recieved Italy and Northa Africa after Constantine's death
- defeated constantines II
- took over all western provinces
- was defeated by Magentius
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Edict of Milan
- Proclamation that established religious toleration for christians
- agreed between constantine and licinius
- assured christians legal rights
- prompted return of confiscated christians property
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Unconquerable Sun
- Deity that Constantine worshipped before his conversion
- Constantine erected statue of himself as sun god
- official sun god of the later Roman empire
- appeared on Coins of Constantine
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Old St. Peters Basilica
- Located on thee Tiber
- built over the Circus of Nero
- Served as papal residence in the middle ages
- built on the site of St. Peters Grave
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Julian
- Nephew of Constantine I
- Was a baptized Christian
- Converted to Paganism by Maximus
- Attempted to revive and reorganize the pagan cults
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Maximus of Ephesus
- Philosopher
- pagan priest
- converted emperor Julian to paganism
- was executed by Emperor Valens for his complicity in an assassination plot against Valens
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Against the Galilaeans
- An intellectual campaign against Christians
- was written by Emperor Julian
- stated christianity was a sect of Judaism
- ordered the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem
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Julian's Edict on Rebuilding the Temple of Jerusalem
- Issued after Julian's anti Christian tract against the Galiliaeans
- Was a ruins since being destroyed by Titus
- was terminated by Julian who needed all manpower to mount an invasion of Persia
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Flavius Jovianus
- Proclaimed emperor after Julian was Killed
- made peace with the persians
- forbade magical practices and restored gifts to the church
- died at Dadastana
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Valentinian II
- Son of Valentinian I
- mother established as regent and ruled Italy and Africa
- Ruled from vienna
- Committed suicide after being defied by his regent Abrogast
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Theodosius I
- Fanatical devotee of the Nicene Creed
- Destroyed pagan temples or converted them to churches
- issued 18 laws against paganism
- ordered massacre of citizens of Thesalonica after emperors general was killed during a riot
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Arcadius
- Eastern Emperor who ruled with Theodosius I
- was ineffectual
- ruled by his own ministers
- his empire was preyed on by the Goths
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Paganism
- Ancient non-Judeo Christian religion
- was used in a derogatory manner by the christians
- was annihilated by emperor Theodosius I
- Were persecuted by the Christians
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Mary as the Mother of God
- Mother of Jesus
- object of Veneration in the christians church
- was decided upon her nature at council at ephesus and Chalcedon
- was a source of discord in the early church
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A.D. 395
- Beginning of the split between the eastern and western halves of the empire
- was the year Theodosius I died
- after this date east and west were never ruled by a single emperor
- were ruled by arcadius and Honorius
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Arcadius and Honorius
- Never became strong leaders
- were controlled by officials who managed their affairs
- arcadius rulled the east
- Honorius ruled the west
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Eutropius
- Eunuch
- Became most powerful figure in the eastern empire under emperor arcadius
- Arranged marriage between arcadius and Eudoxia
- Repelled the invasion of Asia minor by the Huns
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Stilicho
- Regent for emperor Honorius
- repelled the visigoths and ostrogoths
- greatest enemy was Rufinius the guardian of Arcadius
- Married Serene the Niece of Theodosius
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Radagaisus
- Pagan
- invaded italy with a horde of Germans
- attacked Florence
- Executed in 406
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Visigoths
- Separated from the ostrogoths in the 4th Century
- Germanic Peoples
- raided Roman territories
- established kingdoms in Gaul and Spain
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Ostrogoths
- Developed empire north of the Black Sea
- a germanic people
- invaded italy
- was subjugated by the Huns
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Alaric
- Chief of the Visigoths
- Leader of the arm that sacked Rome
- Served as commander of the Gothic troops in the Roman army
- appointed master of soldiers in Illyrium
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Vandals
- Member of a Germanic Kingdom in North Africa
- Destroyed Roman fleet using Fire ships
- plundered Rome after the Sack of Rome
- were arian christians who persecuted Catholics
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Gaiseric
- King of the Vandals
- conquered a large part of Roman Africa
- sacked Rome in 455
- Defeated 2 Efforts by Romans to Overthrow him
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Valentinian III
- Son of Constantius III
- Failed to stop the attack of the vandals
- murdered by Petaireas of Aetius
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Attila
- King of the Huns
- One of the Greatest barbarian Rulers who attacked Rome
- Marched on Gaul in 451
- murdered his brother
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Romulus Augustulus
- Last of Western Emperors
- was demanded to surrender 1/3 of Italy by Germans
- was deposed by the Germans
- sent to live with Relatives in Campania
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Odoacer
- First Barbarian King of Italy
- German Warrior
- Wanted to keep administration of Italy in his hands while recognizing overlordship of eastern emperor Zeno
- Was murdered by Theodoric
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Theodosius II
- Easily dominated man who allowed his govt to be run by a succession of Ministers
- son of arcadius
- foundeded university of Constantinople
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Leo II
- Roman emperor of the East
- Son of Zeno
- Made Augustus at age 5
- died shortly after becoming emperor
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St. Anthony of Egypt
- Religious hermit and early monk
- attempted to codify guidelines for monastic rule
- lived in the desert wasteland
- was commemorated by the Life of Anthony by Athanasius
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AD 476
- year in which Rome fell
- was continued in the east long after this date
- continued through Byzantines Roman imperial succession
- Rome is now new Rome
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Alamanni
- Confederation of Germanic speaking groups
- occupied land opposite the upper Rhine
- ruled simultaneously with several kings
- passed on power by hereditary succession
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Alans
- name for groups of nomads occupying land north of the black sea and east of the River Don
- one group participated in the Rhine crossing of 406
- another group composed the vandal-alan confederation that seized carthage
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Ammianus Marcellinus
- Roman Historian
- Source for the workings of the Roman Empire
- Covered the period of 354-378
- wrote about the Hunnic Crisis
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Ausorius
- Teacher of Rhetoric at University of Bordeaux
- tutored emperor Gratian
- Wrote Mosella
- Corresponded with Symmachus
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Celti, Celts
- Name for groups speaking related language who dominated northern italy and Gaul
- many were incorporated into the Roman Empire
- important because they had developed economies that allowed rome to prosper
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Clovis
- King of the Salian Franks
- Created Frankish kingdom in the aftermath of Roman Collapse
- kingdom extended to all of France except the mediterannean coast
- was created by victories over remnants of the Roman army of the Rhine
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Edeco
- Leading henchman of Attila
- Became king of the Sciri after Attila's death
- was killed when the Ostrogoths destroyed Scirian Independence
- the eastern Romans had attempted to get him to assassinate attila
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Franks
- Germanic speaking group
- occupied land opposite the lower Rhine frontier region of the Roman empire
- date from the first century
- achieved political unity after the fall of the Empire
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Goths
- Germanic speaking people
- migrated to the black sea region
- were destroyed by the Hunnic power at the end of the 4th century
- were the precursor to the visigoths and ostrogoths
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Gregory Bishop of Tours
- Sixth century historian
- chronicled the frankish kingdom
- work contains unique info about the reign of Clovis
- also preserved lost works which chronicled the era of Aetius
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Hasding Vandals
- One of the two vandal groups who to escape Hunnic takeover forced themselves over the Rhine
- created a coalition comprising survivors of the Siling Vandals and Alans conquered by Visigothic-Roman forces in Spain
- Inhabited territories north of the Carpathian mountains before the Hunnic Crisis
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Huns
- Nomadic Steppe Group
- began to become powerful in the Black sea region
- Built empire on the Great Hungarian Plain
- after the death of Attila their power was extinguished within 20 years
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Lombards
- Germanic speacking group
- located in the Middle Elbe Region
- acknowledged the power of Attila
- didn't form core of the Hun's conquered regions
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Orestes
- Employed by Attila the hun as an ambassador to Constantinople
- originally a pannonian landowner
- organized an oppresion which led to Nepos to retreat to Dalmatia
- was executed by Odovacar
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Quadi
- Germanic speaking tribe
- occupying land on the north-western fringes of the Hungarian plain
- contributed manpower to the Suevi
- Crossed the Rhine with the vandals and Alans
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Ricimer
- Roman general
- of barbarian ancestry
- grandson of visigothic king Vallia
- attempted to reconquer north africa with Anthemius
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Sarmatians
- Iranian speaking, nomadic group
- Some groups stayed east of the Carpathians
- others moved to the west of it to the great hungarian plain
- were conquered by the Huns
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Siling Vandals
- one of the two vandal groups who forced their way over the rhine
- before the hunic crisis the inhabitied territories north of the carpathian mountains
- suffered in the Romano visigothic campaigns
- united with the Hasding Dynasty
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Suevi
- Term for the germanic speaking groups of the north west corner of the Great Hungarian Plain
- Roman clients
- some paticipated in the crossing of the Rhine
- were conquered by the huns
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Tervingi
- Gothic group that settled closest to Romes lower Danube frontier in Moldavia and wallachia
- Confederation of kings ruled by a judge whose power passed by hereditary right
- sought to alleviate the terms the empire imposed upon them
- eventually became part of the Visigoths
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Valamer
- Ostrogothic leader
- began the process which generated the ostrogoths
- united a series of gothic warbands who had been incorporated into Attila's Hunnic Empire
- Killed in the Middle Danubian Wars
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Wiebark Culture
- Zone of Remains
- Extended over much of Northern Poland in the first and Second centuries
- Spreaded east and south in the third and fourth centuries
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Legatus Augusti Pro praetore
- Commander in Chief of all armed forces in a single province
- senator who had reached the consulship with experience of civil administration posts and army commands in the different parts of the empire
- responsible for civil government and defense of the province
- commanded up to 4 legions and several auxiliary units
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Tribunus laticlavius
- Second in Command of a legion
- young man of the senatorial class but not yet a senator
- posted to different provinces performing civil administration
- served as legionary legate
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Legatus Legionis
- Commander of a legion
- senator who served as a military tribune and had experience of civil posts
- were appointed emperor and served for 3 years
- commanded 5-6000 men
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Tribunus Augusticlavius
- Equestrian officer with previous military experience
- duties comprised of Staff work
- could take command of detachments of legionaries
- conveyed groups of men to selected destinations
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Praefectus Castrorum
- Camp Prefect
- Third in command of a legion
- was from the equestrian order and was an experienced officer
- some went on to posts in the praetorian guard
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Praefectus Cohortis
- most junior of the Equestrian orders
- commanded 500 auxiliary infantry
- served 2-3 years in this post
- went on to serve as one of 5 tribuni augusticlavii in a legion
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Praefectus Alae
- high magistrate
- executed judicial powers as delegates of the emperor
- organized tax levies
- supervised provincial governors
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Beneficiarius
- legionaries with long experience
- served on the staff of the provincial governor
- stationed at important places on the frontiers
- were responsible for intelligence gathering
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Clibanarii
- Heavy armored Cavalry
- derived from Clibanus meaning oven
- is not sure whether they fought or not
- is not sure if they differed from the Catapharactarii
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Gladius
- Short Thrusting Sword
- originated in Spain
- was used by the roman army from the third century bc to third century Ad
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Legion
- originally meant the choosing or the levy
- applied to the main unit of the Roman Army
- Composed 5,000 strong
- was an infantry unit containing some cavalry
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Praetor
- Originally were the chief magistrates in the early Republican Rome
- were superceeded by the consuls
- when the consuls were absent they were in charge of the courts
- had the right to command armies
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Quaestor
- originally the lowest ranking magistrates of the republic appointed to assist the consuls in financial matters
- held by young men at the start of their career before they entered the senate
- were created to deal with provincial administration
- acted as deputies to consular governors and held commands in the army
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Singulares
- bodyguards of Roman Officers
- formed the guards of provincial governors
- formed the bodyguards of the emperor
- were chosen from units all over the empire
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Triumph
- Granted by the senate to victorious generals
- rode in a chariot with his face painted red
- approached the temple on his knees to dedicate the spoils
- Augustus limited its members to the imperial family
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feriae
- ancient roman festival days
- all business was suspended including lawsuits
- were 2 types public and private
- were held annually by a fixed date
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Lar Familiaris
- any of numerous tutelary deities
- concieved at the center of the family and family cult
- a prayer was said to it every morning
- special offerings were made a family festivals
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Levana
- Ancient Roman goddess
- involved in rituals pertaining to child birth
- stated that it was invoked when the father lifted the child to acknowledge it as his own
- Augustine stated it was invoked when the child is lifted from the earth
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Paterfamilias
- father of the family
- held legal privelege over the property of the family
- had the duty to raise healthy children to be future citizens of rome
- held power of life and death over every member of his extended family
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Ingdigitamenta
- lists of deities kept by the college of pontiffs
- were used to ensure that the correct names were used when invoking deities during public ceremonies
- described the nature of deities who might be called upon in particular circumstances
- were attributed to Numa Pompilius
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Caristia
- privately observed holiday that celebrated the love of family with banqueting and gifts
- it was a day of reconcilliation
- was a recognition of the family line as it continued into the present among the living
- pagan ritual
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Matralia
- celebrated on june 11
- temple was the Forum boarium
- only for single women or women in their first marriage
- offered prayers for their nieces and nephews
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Flamen
- fifteen members of a college with priestly duties
- guarded the sybelline books
- consulted and interpreted scripture at the request of the senate
- oversaw the worship of foriegn gods that they introduced to Rome
-
Quirinalia
- a Sabine god of War
- identified with the festival of the mad
- was also the god of the Curiae
- was celebrated in mid February
-
Cerialia
- Roman Goddess
- when celebrated honored with chariot races in the Circus maximus
- this goddess made cereal crops germinate and grow
- a lazy sow was sacrificed to her
-
mithras
- Iranian God of Light
- the liturgy of the cult took place in a subterranean vault
- the priestly hierarchy included 7 stages of initiation
- met every sunday at dusk
-
Aesculapius
- the God of health
- comforter of the sick
- had temples of healing to the sick
- in his temples "sacred" snakes slithered freely
-
Cybele
- The mother of all the Gods
- was celebrated by the giving of a banquet
- cult originated in anatolia
- her anatolian priests were castrated
-
Attis
- a god who died and came to life each year
- it was the first roman deity who did this
- priests were eunuchs
- was the consort of Cybele
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