Ch 28

Indicative (indicates real action), Imperative (commends an actionto happen), Subjunctive (potential action)

potential, tentative, hypothetical, ideal or even unreal action

"If the student were here, he would be taking notes"

were and could are auxilaries to indicate this action as hypothetical

used chiefly in subordinate clauses

were, would, may, might, should, may have, would have

• em         emus
• es          etis
• et           ent

• VR + end  (laud-em) +case endings
• we

• am         amus
• as          atis
• at           ant

• VS + end (mone-as) +case endings
• fear

• am         amus
• as          atis
• at           ant

• VR + end (ag-amus) +case endings
• a

• am         amus
• as          atis
• at           ant

• VS + end  (capi-atis) +case endings
• liar

from iubeo (to order)

• Definition: expresses a command, esp 1st/3rd person
• Recognize: the main verb (usualloy only verb) will be subjunctive. negative = introduced with ne
• Translate: usually "let", some "may" and "should"

semper speres, you should always hope

Let me think now of this matter, and then I will not err.

Let the student either learn or leave

Let us teach the Latin language with great delight

Let us not do it.

Let those men and women dare to be brave

• Definition: subordinate clause indicating objective of the action in the main clause
• Recognize: subjunctive clause introduced by "ut" or "ne"
• Translate: "may" is often used in present tense, but more idiomatic with an infinitive ("to", "in order to") as long as purpose and main clause have same subject

• hoc dicit ut eos iuvet
• he says this to help them

he is leaving in order not to hear this

he teaches with care so that his students may learn well

he does this in order not to be captured

we read books in order to learn many things

let them give us good books (so that) we may not read bad (ones)

• arma, armōrum
• n.pl.         II
• arms, weapons

• cursus, cursūs
• m.          IV
• running, race, course

• lūna, lūnae
• f.         I
• moon

• occāsiō, occāsiōnis
• f             III
• occasion, opportunity

• parēns, parentis
• m, f               III (irregular)
• parent

(pario, parere: give birth to)

• stēlla, stēllae
• f          I
• star, planet

• vesper, vesperis/vesperī
• m               II
• evening, evening star

• mortuus, mortua, mortuum
• participle
• dead

• prīnceps (all genders), prīncipis
• adj        III:    chief, foremost
• m,f noun: leader, emperor

• conj
• + subjunctive:  in order that, so that, in order to, so as to, to
• + indicative: as, when

• adv and conj (w/ subjunctive of command and purpose):
• not, in order that...not, that...not, in order not to

• cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum
• verb              III
• to go, withdraw,; yeild to, grant, submit

• dēdicō, dēdicāre, dēdicāvī, dēdicātum
• verb            I
• to dedicate

• egeō, egēre, eguī, egitūrus
• verb         II
• to dedicate

• expleō, explēre, explēvī, explētum
• verb           II
• to fill, fill up, complete

• praestō, praestāre, praestitī, praestātum
• verb            I
• to excel, exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish

• taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitum
• verb                   II
• to be silent, leave unmentioned