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forms a continuum with epithelial tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
connective tissue
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origin of connective tissue
primitive/undifferentiated mesenchyme
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principal fiber producing cell; most common cell type in connective tissue
fibroblast
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signet ring appearance; nuclei is compressed and displaced into once side; thin rim of cytoplasm
adipocyte
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intrinsic defense cells(engulf bacteria); motile and phagocytic cells; cytoplasm has granules; deeply stained
tissue macrophages
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bone marrow to connective tissue; small spherical nucleus; basophilic; presents in allergic reaction
mast cells
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migrate from one part of the body; short lived
wandering/transient cells
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anti-body producing cells; basophilic cytoplasm; spherical nucleus; has heterochromatin clumps(clock face appearance)
plasma cells
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outward passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls
diapedesis
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give examples of ground substance(amorphous)
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins(fibronectin/laminin)
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appears as pink wavy bundles in the microscope with fibroblasts
collagen
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provide tensile strength to the connective tissue; most abundant protein in the body
collagen
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disease characterized by hyperelastic skin, loose joints, and easily damaged blood vessels; collagen disruption is disrupted by genetic mutations
ehlers danlos syndrome
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sponge-like appearance of network; collagen type III; threadlike; agyrophilic fibers
reticular fibers
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appears wavy/refractile; (+) skin, lungs, and blood vessels; (+) stretching/recoil properties
elastic fibers
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present in embryo/umbilical cord; small spindle shaped cell; has ground substance with no protein fibers
mesenchyme connective tissue
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wharton's jelly; umbilical cord; composed mainly of ground substance and small amounts of collagen; few fibroblast
mucous connective tissue
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mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue
embryonal connective tissue
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loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
connective tissue proper
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thin sparse collagen, elatic and reticular fibers; flexible and well vascularized; found beneath the epithelia of the body where there is minimal stress or less friction
loose connective tissue
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offer resistance and connection; contains mostly collagen with fibroblasts
dense connective tissue
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seen in reticular layer of the skin; no definite direction of collagen fibers;
dense irregular connective tissue
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closely packed collagen fibers; elongated fibroblasts; going in the direction of the collagen fiber; provide great resistance to traction; tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis
dense regular connective tissue
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storage of fat; cushion; thermal insulator
adipose tissue
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type of adipose tissue mainly found in adult; one central lipid droplet
white/unilocular
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found in newborsn; smaller size but with many lipid droplets; acts as insulator
brown/multilocular
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found in lymphoid organs; has collagen type III; specialized fibroblasts
reticular tissue
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layer of skin dervied from ectoderm
epidermis
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layers of skin derived from mesoderm
dermis and hypodermis
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composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; keratinocytes; direct contact with the environment
epidermis
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finger-like projections anchors the epidermis to the dermis; prominent on areas of friction; responsible for appearance of finger prints
rete ridges
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single layer of basophilic columnar or cuboidal keratinocytes on the basement membrane of the dermal-epidermal junction; nound by hemidesmosomes
stratum basale/germinativum/basal layer
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attacher keratinocyte to another keratinocyte
desmosomes
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thickest epidermal layer; slightly flattened cells; central ovoid nucleus
stratum spinosum/spiny layer
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stratum basale and stratum spinosum; has confined mitotic activity
malphigian layer
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keratin fibrils which converge and terminate at the numerous desmosomes
tonofibrils
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polyhedral > flattened; dense basophilic granules; (+) lamellar granules
stratum granulosum/granular layer
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flat flakes and sheets of keratin; tough protective layer
stratum corneum/cornified layer
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only seen in thick skin; transluscent layer of extremely flattened eosinophilic cells; evitent desmosomes
stratum lucidum
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type of epidermis with hair follicles, sweat glands and thin stratum spinosum, granulosum and corneum
thin skin
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type of epidermis with no hair follicles, has numerous sweat glands and has thick stratum spinosum, granulosum, corneum, stratum lucidum
thick skin
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disease characterized by thick red patches with thick white cells; abnormal proliferation of cells in malphigian layer; greater epidermal thickness; keratinization with a defective sign; split sign-pin point bleeding
psoriasis vulgaris
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cells in the epidermis that make up most of the epidermis
keratinocytes
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found among the cells in the basal layer and in the hair follicles; produces melanin(eumelanin)
melanocytes
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acts as a depot containing melanin
keratinocytes
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stimulates keratinocytes to secrete paracrine factors that stimulate melanocyte activity
UV light exposure
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disease characterized by inability of melanocytes to secrete melanin; absence of tyrosinase activity; normal number of cells
albinism
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disease characterized by degeneration and disappearance of entire melanocyte; autoimmune disease
vitiligo
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a macrophage; intraepidermal; antigen recognition and processing cells; can be found in all layers; has cytoplasmic processes
langerhan's cells
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tactile epithelial cells; intraepidermal touch receptors; rounded cells with pale staining nuclei located at basal layer; present in the thick skin of palms and soles; supplied by afferent nerve endings
merkell's cells
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composed of collagen and elastic fibers; responsible for the tone and texture of the skin
dermis
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layer of the dermis that contains loose connective tissue; has collagen elastic fivers and fibroblasts; where dermal pappilae interdigitate with epidermal pegs or ridges; more amorphous substance and fibroblast compared to reticular layer
papillary layer of the dermis
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layer of the dermis with dense irregular connective tissue; thick collagen; has blood vessels, nerves and skin appendages
reticular layer
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regular lines of tension in the skin formed by collagen and elastic fibers; lines of cleavage; used for surgical incisions
langer's lines
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major storage of lipids and provides insulation; consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
hypodermis
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down growths of epidermis into dermis and hypodermis; i.e. hair follicle; hair; pilosebaceous unit
skin appendages
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simple branch acini; holocrine; secretes sebum
sebaceous gland
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simple coiled tubular; apocrine(large) and eccrine(small)
sweat gland
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simple coiled tubular; found all over the skin except lips, glans penis, and nail bed; opens directly at skin surface
eccrine sweat glands
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type of eccrine sweat gland that is composed of columnar cells with a central oval nuclei and pale cytoplasm(secretory gland); its secretory duct is composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium
merocrine
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produces odorless secretion; viscid milky secretion; found in axilla, areola, anal regions
apocrine sweat glands
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modified apocrine sweat glands that develop under hormonal influence; branched tubular glands; cuboidal myoepithelial
mammary gland
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skin overlying the nail root
nail fold
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cuticle; situated between the skin of the finger and the nail plate
eponychium
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dense keratinized plate resting on nail bed
nail plate
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crescent-shaped part of nail root
lunula
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skin beneath free edge of the nail
hyponychium
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extends from lunula to hyponychium
nail bed
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proximal end of the nail extending deep into the dermis; produces nail and nail bed
nail root
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underlying epithelium which undergoes proliferation and differentiation giving rise to the nail plate
nail matrix
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fungal infection of the nail plate
onychomycosis
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characterized by spoon nails
iron deficiency anemia
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characterized by clubbing of nails
heart/pulmonary disease
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shunt blood away from skin surface when exposed to cold temperature
glomus bodies
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detection for mechanical stimuli; transmit touch, pain, itch
free nerve ending
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sensory nerve fibers innervating the base of the hair follicle
root hair plexuses
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located in deep dermis; sensory receptor for deep pressuer; lamellated
pacinian corpuscles
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found in dermal papillae under the epidermis; sensory receptor for light touch
meissner's corpuscles
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found in connective tissue of organs located deep in the body where they are sensitiyve to movements of internal organs
ruffini's corpuscles
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