Child Development Test 2

Genetic background, nutrition, and health care

90%

Corpus Callosum is a long, thick band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

Lateralization - Literally sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each sid of the brain, with one side dormant for each activity the side of the brater controls the right side of the body, and vice versa

Gross Motor is walking

Fine Motor is being able to button a coat

Intentional harm, avoidable endagerment, and abuse and neglect

Child Abuse

Child Neglect

Deliverate action that is harmful to a child's physical emotional, or sexual well-being

Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections

Declining in numbers

Preoperational Intelligence

Sensorimotor Birth to 2

PreOperational Intelligence 2-6

Concrete Operational  6-11

Formal Operational 12-Adult

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e. is conserved) when its appearance changes

They lack strategies for storing and retrieving memories. 

The speedy and somethimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing in mental catagories according to their perceived meaning.

The child may misuse the word

(may not fully understand its meaning)

The application of rules of grammer even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.

Correct them

A preschool education program funded by the US Federal government

Head Start was designed for low-income or minority childred who were thought to need a "head start" on their formal education.

After a year of Headstart, it was discovered that children's IQ scores increased.

Self-concept is a person's understanding of who he or she is, in relation to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits.

Self-esteem - A person's evaluation of his or her own worth, either in specifics (e.g., intelligence, attractiveness) or overall

"Who one is"  versus  "How one feels about that"

Children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them.

• Parents should encourage the 3 to 6 year old's natural enthusiam, efffort, and self-evaluations, which are typical at that age.
• Parents must not dismiss the child's emotional expressions (whether fear or excitement, anger, or joy) or the child may not learn emotional regulation

Empathy - The ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person, expecially when the difffer from one's own.

It is expressed in "Prosocial Behavior" helpfulness and kindness without any obvious benefit for oneself. 

Television watching reduces time for play.

• Aggression refers to a range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, other or objects in the environment. The expression of aggression can occur in a number of ways, including verbally, mentally and physically.
•  

Instrumental Agression  - Hurtful behavior that is intended to get or keep something that another person has.

Reactive Agression - An implusive retaliation for another person's intentional accidental action, verbal or physical

Relational Agression - Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection aimed a harming the social connections between the victim and others 

Bullying Aggression - Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.


 

Children who spend a lot of time watching television and playing video games are likely to develop a visual learning style.  They get used to receiving information in the form of vivid images and t vrief scenes, making it harder for them to concentrate on and comprehend anything that is longer and presented in verbal form.

Young children whow watch television violence tend to become more violent, less creative, and lower achieving teenagers

Young children whow watch television violence tend to become more violent, less creative, and lower achieving teenagers

Children of all ages who watch violence on television become more violent themselves.  They are more likely to get into fights with each other and even to break things and hurt people when they grow up

Authoritarian Parenting is an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication

Permissive Parenting is a approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nuturance and commumication, but little dicipline, guidance or control 

Authoritative Parenting is an appproagch to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible

Psychoanalytic Theory - Children of both sexes cope with their guilt and fear due to  Oedipus & Electra Complexes through "Identification"; that is, they ally themselves with the same-sex parent by taking on that parent's behavior and attitudes.  because them cannot actually replace their same-sex parents, young boys copy their father's mannerisms, opinions, actions, and so on, and girls copy their mother's.  Both sexes exaggerate the male or female role.

Behaviorism - believe that virtually all roles are learned and therefore result from nurture not nature.  To Behaviorists, gender distinctions are the product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment. Behaviorists believe that children learn about proper behavior not only directly (gender appropriate toys) but also indirectly through Social Learning Children model their behavior particularly after that of people they perceive to be nurturing, powerful, and yet similar to themselves.

• Cognitive Theory -  Children develop concepts about their experiences. (Gender Schema)  Young children have many gender related experiences but not much cognitive depth and tend to see the world in simple terms (black & white) and catagorize Male and Female as opposite. Their self-concept leads young children to a cognitive need to categorize themselves as male and female and then behave in a way that fits their concept
•  

• The average boy is superior in upper arm strength.
• The average girl is superior in flexibility
•  

Children who because of a physical or mental disability require extra help in order to learn

Look at  symptoms and context

If a child of 10 reads at a first grade level, he probably has a disability in reading.

The "nunances of an individual's cultural frame of reference"  must be considered before a diagnosis can be made.  ^DSM-IV-TR 

Communication and Social Understanding

Mental Retardation - Literally, slow, or late, thinking.  In practice, people are considered mentally retarded if they score below 70 on an IQ test and if they are marked behind their peers in adaptation to daily life.

Chronological Age and ability differ

A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject  

Dyslexia - Unusal difficulty with reading thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

Slow developing prefrontal cortex, an overactive limbic system, or an inbalance of neurotransmitters

Concete Operational: 6-11 Children understand apply logical operation, or principles to interpret experiences objectively and rationally.  There thinking is limited to what they cn paersonally see, hear, touch and experience

Children attempt ot master many new skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent, or incompetent.   

Children judge themselseves as either industrious or inferior - that is, competent or incompetent, productive or failing, winners or losers. Being productive is intrinsically joyous and it fosters the self control that is a cruical defense against emotional problems

Two parent homes may have a higher income

Parents fighting

(church, library, organizations) (Pets, grandparents, and religious faith are sources of social support)