(parasympathetic divishion or craniosacral division)
why do post-ganglionic neurons have "nicotinic cholinergic receptors"
it indicates that the receptor responds to acetylcholine and nicotine
(parasympathetic divishion or craniosacral division)
why do effectors have "muscarinic cholinersic receptors"?
because it indicates that the receptor responds to acetylcholinine and muscarine
(parasympathetic divishion or craniosacral division)
what is the one type of ganglion in parasympathetic?
terminal ganglion
(parasympathetic divishion or craniosacral division)
where is the terminal ganglion located?
in or on organ innervated
pre-ganglionic neurons are always long in para-sympathetic
post-ganglionic neurons are always short in para-sympathetic
stimulation by the para-sympathetic division has what kind of effect what give some examples
localized effect:
decreased heart rate
decrease blood pressure through vasodilation
increase smooth muscle contraction in digestive tract
increase secretion of digestive juices
etc.
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
all sympathetic neurons are contained where?
in 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12)
and 1st 2 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves(L1 & L2)
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
sympathetic effect is general where? & how?
on the entire body at one time
one pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with many (20+) post-ganglionic neurons
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
sympathetic divishion is responsible for what? & why?
"fight or flight response"
it maximizes energy expenditure and minimizes maintenance activities
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
neurotransmitters are used by:
pre-ganglionic neurons use: acetylcholine
post-ganglionic neurons: most use norepinephrine and some use epinephrine ( part of adrenalin family of molecues)
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
( post-ganglionic neurons) what is sympathetic division refererd to as and why?
"adrenergic system"
because the terminal transmitter substance is norepinephrine
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
receptors are present on:
post-ganglionic neurons have "nicotinic cholinergic receptors"effectors have some form of "adrenergic receptors"
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
what are the 2 basic forms of adrenergic receptors?
adrenergic (alpha)
adienergic (beta)
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
what are the 2 types of ganglia in sympathetic division?
vertebral ganglia or sympathetic chain ganglia or sympathetic trunk ganglia
prevertebral ganglia or collateral ganglia
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
where is the vertebral ganglia or sympathetic chain ganglia or sympathetic trunk ganglia?
lie lateral to the vertebral column on either side
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
where is the pervertebral ganglia or collateral ganglia?
lie anterior to the vertebral column
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
are all pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons short or long?
short
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
are all post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons short or long?
long
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
sympathetic motor pathway results in general effect on what?
the entire body
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
cell body of all sympathetic pre-ganlionic neurons are located where?
in the lateral gray horn
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
axons exist where?
in the spinal cord in the ventral root to the spinal nerve and then passes through the white ramus communicans to the sympathetic chain ganglion
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
what are the three options once the pre-ganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain?
pre-ganglionic neuron synapses with a post ganglionic neuron at the level it enters the sympathetic chain
pre-ganglionic neuron travels up or down the sympathetic chain to a different level and then synapses with post-ganglionic neuron
pre-ganglionic neuron passes through the sympathetic chain without synapsing and goes to pre-vertebral ganglia and synapses with post ganglionic neuron
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
what are the events in order of the sympathetic motor pathway?
1. cell body of all sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are located in the lateral gray horn
2. axon exits the spinal cord in the ventral root to the spinal nerve and then passes through the white ramus communicans to the sympathetic chain ganglion
3. once the pre-ganglionic axon enters the sympathetic chain it chooses one of 3 options
4. then it chooses one of 2 options for post-ganglionic neuron
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
what do post-ganglionic neurons that have cell bodies in sympathetic chain do?
the axon goes through gray ramus communicans to the spinal nerve and then to effector
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
(sympatthetic motor pathway)
what do post-ganglionic neurons that have cell bodies in pre-vertebral ganglia do?
axon goes directly to effector.
(sympathetic division or thoracolumbar division)
what is the stimulation by sympathetic division-> general effect on the entire body:
give examples
increase heart rate
increase breathing
decrease smooth muscle contraction in digestive tract
decrease digestive juice secretion
dilates blood vessels to the heart and skeletal muscle and constricts blood vessels to digestive tract -> due to difference in alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
(major control centers of the ANS)
what part of the brain that controls and integrates the ANS
hypothalamus
(major control centers of the ANS)
other autonomic centers are found in:
what do they provide and when
thalamus->autonomic centers provide sensory info
cerebral cortex-> involved primarily during strong emotional stress
(General Senses and Special senses)
what are the 4 requirements for experiencing a sensation?
stimulus
receptor
nerve transmission pathway
translation center
(General Senses and Special senses)
what is a nerve transmission pathway?
neurons that transmit a nerve impulse
(General Senses and Special senses)
what is a translation center?
brain structure that interprets the nerve impulse into a sensation
(General Senses and Special senses)
define what a receptor is
a receptor is an intermediary between a stimulus and a sensory neuron
receptor is a transducer-> converts stimulus energy to nerve impulse energy
special physiological devices that allow afferent neurons to be excited by stimuli that are too weak if appied directly to the neuron(amplifier)
(General Senses and Special senses)
what are the 4 basic types of receptors?
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
thermoreceptors
(General Senses and Special senses)
(4 basic types of receptors)
what stimulus does a mechanoreceptors respond to and what is it responsible for?
they respond to mechanical displacement(physical movement)
responsible for touch,pressure, hearing, and equilibrium
(General Senses and Special senses)
(4 basic types of receptors)
what stimulus does a chemoreceptors respond to and what is it responsible for?
respond to chemical molecule
responsible for smell and taste
(General Senses and Special senses)
(4 basic types of receptors)
what stimulus does a photoreceptors respond to and what is it responsible for?
respond to light
responsible for vision
(General Senses and Special senses)
(4 basic types of receptors)
what stimulus does a thermoreceptors respond to and what is it responsible for?
respond to relative changes in temp
monitor blood for internal temp and skin for external temp