-
` The word eukaryotic refers to a cell that....
has a well defined nucleus bound by a nuclear membrane, with a variety of organelles located outside the nuclear membrane.
-
Animal cells, plant cells, and fungal cells are all __________ cells.
eukaryotic
-
Prokaryotic cells are cells that...
lack well defined membrane-bound nuclei and a full complement or organelles
-
The principal features of eukaryotic cells are...
- A cell wall (not in animal cells)
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucelus
- nuclear membrane
-
Cell walls are found on...
plant cells, yeast cells and bacteria
-
The cell wall is composed of...
carbohydrates
-
All cells don't have a cell wall, but in terms of exterior surfaces, all cells have a ...
cell membrane
-
Cell membranes are composed primarily of...
protein and phospholipids
-
Peripheal proteins are...
proteins that are embedded in one of the two surfaces of the membrane (half in, half out)
-
Transmembrane proteins are...
proteins that penetrate completely through the membrane
-
membrane dynamics is termed ....
the fluid mosaic model
-
membrane dynamics is termed the fluid mosaic model because...
the membrane is seen as a mosaic of lipids and proteins which are free to move back and forth fluidly
-
according to the fluid mosaic model, lipids and proteins are free to...
diffuse laterally in two dimension, but never flip flop.
-
phosphlipid head groups and hydrophilic proteins are restricted from enetering...
the hydrophobic membrane interior
-
lipid bilayer membranes are said to have polarity because the inside face and the outside face of the membrane remain different
-
The cell membrane is called semipermeable because..
it is permeable to some substances and impermeable to others
-
The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable because...
it is subject to modification and gets to decide what goes in it andleaves.
-
What regulates the cell's internal environment?
the cell membrane
-
the cell membrane is said to regulate the cell's internal environment because.....
the cell's permeability determines which substances enter and leave the cell.
-
A difference in concentration is called a ...
concentration gradient
-
Moving "down" the concentration gradient means...
moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
-
The phenomenon in which in a system of fluid, solute and solvent particles tend to disperse themselves so that solute concentration is uniform throughout the system is called...
simple diffusion
-
osmosis refers to..
simple diffusion in which water, not the solute, moves across a membrane in an "effort" to equalze the concentration.
-
When one portion of a solution has a higher concentration than another, the region of higher concentration is said to be...
hypertonic
-
When one portion of a solution has a lower concentration than another, the region of lower concentration is said to be...
hypotonic
-
a cell in hypotonic solution will...
swell
-
a cell in hypertonic solution will...
shrivel
-
a cell in isotonic solution will...
remain the same at equilibrium
-
The process of simple diffusion and osmosis is passive, meaning....
they do not require the expenditure of energy
-
The solute moves towards equilibrium in...
diffusion
-
the solvent moves towards equilibirum in....
osmosis
-
facilitated diffusion is...
the movement of a sollute across a membrane, down a gradient, when the membrane itself is impermeable to that solute
-
what allows materials to cross the plasma membrane down a gradient in faciliatated diffusion?
specific intergral membrane proteins
-
what are two kinds of proteins that aid in the trasnportation of molecules in facilitated diffusion?
channel proteins and carrier proteins
-
Channel proteins and carrier proteins give what special feature to the cell membrane?
selective permeability
-
channel proteins in the plasma membrane allows...
material that cannot pass throught the membrane by simple diffusion to flow through the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient.
-
how do channel proteins allow materials through the membrane?
by forming a narrow openning in the membrane surrounded by the protein
-
Channels are very selective becuase...
they only let 1 type of ion to go through the channel
-
Ion channels are said to "gated" if...
the channel is open in response to specific environment stimuli
-
a voltage gated ion channel is..
a channel that opens in response to a change in the electric potential across the membrane
-
a ligand-gated ion channel is..
a channel that opens in response to a binding of a specific molecule
-
carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion transport materials by....
attaching to the molecule to be transported then undergoes a conformational change to move the molecule to the other side.
-
Uniports are carrier proteins that...
can only carry one molecule across the membrane at a time
-
symports are carrier proteins that...
can carry two moleclues across the membrane at a time
-
antiports are carrier proteins that..
can carry two molecules across the membrane at a time in opposite directions.
-
active transport is..
the movement of molecule through the plasma membrane against a gradient.
-
active transport is different from diffusion in a sense that...
energy is expended in active transport, where as in diffusion it is not.
-
active transport requires ....
-
active transport requires energy because...
it is working against a gradient
-
the active transport process is coupled to a process that is...
thermodynamically favorable (delta G < 0)
-
In primary active transport, the transport of a molecule is...
coupled to ATP hydrolysis
-
In secondary active transport, the transport of a molecule is...
not coupled to ATP hydrolysis
-
How is ATP used in secondary active transport?
It is first used to create a gradient, then the potential energy in the gradient is used to drive the transport of a molecule across the membrane.
-
the ATP use in which kind of active transport is considered to be indirect?
secondary active transport
-
a common mechanism driving secondary active transport of many different molecules involves...
coupling transport to the flow of sodium ions down a gradient
-
The Na+/K+ ATPase is...
a transmembrane protein in the plasma membrane of all cells in the body.
-
the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase includes
pumping out 3 Na+ ions, pumping in 2 K+ ions and hydrolyzing one ATP to drive the pumping of the ions against their gradients
-
sodium that is pumped out by Na+/K+ ATPase does not...
come back in the cells
-
potassium that is pumped out by Na+/K+ ATPase can come back into the cell because of
potassium leak channels
-
resting membrane potential in Na+/K+ ATPase is..
an electric potential that is created across the plasma membrane when the movement of positive charge out of the cell leaves the interior with a net negative charge
-
what is the driving force behind secondary active transport?
the concentration gradient of high sodium outside of the cell established by the Na+/K+ ATPase.
-
What are the three important functions of Na+/K+ ATPase?
- to maintain osmotic balance
- to establish the resting membrane potential
- to provide the sodium concentration gradient for secondary active transport.
-
active transport is a process by which substance cross the membrane aginst their gradients, meaning in terms of concentration they are going from ________ to _______.
lower to higher
-
Exocytosis is...
a process to transport material outside of the cell in which a vesicle in the cytoplasm fuses with the plasma membrane and the contents of the vesicle are expelled into the exracellular space.
-
Endocytosis is...
a process to transport material inside of the cell in which a invagination of a piece of the cell membrane forms a vesicles that holds the extracellular materials for transport to the interior of the cell.
-
The new vesicle that forms is endocytosis is called....
an endosome
-
what are the three types of endocytosis?
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis
-
phagocytosis is..
the nonspecific uptake of large particulate matter into a phagocytic cell
-
what does the material in a phagocytic cell do latter after phagocytosis?
merge with a lysosome to be broken down
-
Pinocytosis is...
the nonspecific uptake of small molecules and extracellular fluid via invagination.(drinking cell)
-
invagination means...
folding inward
-
What is the site of endocytosis marked by?
pits coated with the molecule clathrin and receptors that bind to a specific molecule
-
atherosclerosis is...
a buildup of plaque on the walls of the arteries
-
What are the three types of cellular adhesion?
- tight junctions
- gap juctions
- desomosomes
-
how do tight junctions adhese cells?
linking together portions of adjacent cell membrane to form a barrier
-
there are no intercellular space at what kind of junction?
tight junction
-
how do gap junctions adhese cells?
linking together the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
-
small particles are able to flow through which junction freely?
gap junction
-
gap junction consists of which structual features?
protein channels that form a bridge between two cells
-
Desmosomes are composed of...
plaquelike proteins embedded in the cell membrane to which the cytoskelton is attached.
-
what is responsible for the structual integrity of most tissues in the body?
desmosomes
-
what are the three function of the nucleus?
- contain and protect ane DNA
- transcription
- partial assembly of ribosomes
-
how many membranes surround the nucleus?
2
-
What are the two function of the mitochondria?
- produce ATP via the krebs cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
-
how many membranes surround the mitochondira?
2
-
what are the functions of ribosomes?
synthesize proteins
-
what is the two functions of the Rough ER?
- location of synthesis
- modification of secretory, membrane-bound and organelle proteins?
-
how many membranes surround the Rough ER?
1
-
What are the two function of the smooth ER?
- detoxification and glycogen breakdown in liver
- steroid sytnthesis in gonads
-
how many membranes does the Smooth ER have?
1
-
what are the two functions of the golgi apparatus?
- modification and sorting of protein
- some synthesis
-
how many membranes surround the golgi appartus?
1
-
what is the function of lysosomes?
contain acid hydrolases which digest various substances
-
how many membranes surround lysosomes?
1
-
what is the function of peroxisomes?
metabolize lipids and toxins using H2O2
-
how many membranes surround peroxisomes?
1
-
what are the components of the endomembrane system?
endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane and the outer membrane
-
the Rough ER constitutes a principal site of ....
cellular protein synthesis
-
The smooth ER does not have ....
ribosomes
-
What is a speicalized derivative of the endoplasmic reticulum?
golgi apparatus
-
the golgi appartus consists of...
a series of flattened sacs
-
golgi completes transportation by
vesicles that pinch off from it and migrate to the cell surface then release by exocytosis
-
peroxisomes contain the enzyme...
catalase
-
senescent organelles are...
aged organelles
-
in plant cells lysosome house...
toxins
-
vacuoles are..
spaces and vacancies in the cytoplasm
-
vacuoules are typically filled with
fluid
-
what are the function of vaculous in protozoans?
expel wastes or excess fluid
-
mitochondria are organelles that mediate...
the synthesis of ATP
-
what molecule is associated with energy storage?
ATP
-
the inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into...
convolutions called cristae
-
Cristae is..
the convolutions of folded inner mitochondrial membrane
-
the interior of the inner mitochondiral membrane is called...
the matrix
-
what two things occur inside the mitochondria?
krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
-
what processes produce the bulk of the ATP generated in aerobic organisms?
krebsy cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
-
Is all ATP produced inside the mitochondria?
no, some are produced outside of it during glycosis.
-
what is a precursor step to the kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation?
glycosis
-
glycosis takes places outside the...
mitochondria
-
the energy producing process that anaerobic organism can preform is...
glycosis
-
anaerobic organisms cannot perform kreb's cycle or oxidative phosphorylation because..
it lacks a mitochondria
-
proccesses that depend on the mitochondira are considered to be...
aerobic
-
Plastids are found almost solely in...
plants
-
plastids contain...
pigment
-
the most abundant of plastids in plants are...
chloroplasts
-
cholorplasts contain the green pigment...
chlorophyll
-
choromosomes reside in...
the nucleus
-
chromosomes are composed of..
DNA and proteins
-
what bears the genetic material of a cell?
choromsomes
-
what is the nucleolus?
a sub organelle located in the nucleus
-
what is the nucleolus the site of?
formation of ribosomal ribonucelic acid (rRNA)
-
What does rRNA function in?
the trnaslation of the genetic code
-
cilia and flagella are associated with..
cellular locomotion
-
what is the function of cilia in the human airway?
propel foreign particles toward the throat so things can be expelled or swallowed
-
cilia and flagella are composed of a structured arrangement of....
microtubules
-
what is the main component of centrioles?
microtubules
-
what is the function of the centriole?
assits in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
-
what is the function of microtubules in the cytoplasm?
quasiskeletal structure for the cell itself (cytokeleton)
-
microtubles are formed of a protein called..
tubulin
-
aside from microtubules serving as a cytoskeleton what serves as a secon elemeny of the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments
-
microfilaments are composed of a protein called...
actin
-
microfilaments function as part of the cytoskeleton and..
cellular movement.
-
receptors are integral membrane proteins that...
transmit signals from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm
-
the molecule that corresponds to the specific receptor is called a(n)...
ligand
-
a ligand is generally...
a hormone or a neuotransmitter
-
Singal transduction is ...
when a ligand binds to its receptor on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane and triggers a response within the cell
-
what are the three main types of of signal-transducting cell surface receptors ?
ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic receptors, G-protein-linked receptors
-
ligand gated ion channels are located...
in the plasma membrane
-
ligand ion channels do what upon binding a particular transmitter?
open an ion channel
-
example of ligand ion channel process?
muscle contraction
-
catalytic receptors are located where?
cytoplasmic side of the membrane
-
catalytic receptors' enzyme activity is initiated by...
ligand binding at the extracellular surfaces
-
the catalytic role of catalytic receptors is that of a protein called..
kinase
-
kinase is..
an enzyme that covalently attaches phosphate groups to proteins
-
an example of tyrosine kinase is..
insulin
-
what regulates the activity of proteins?
modification with phosphates
-
How does a G-protein-linked receptor transduce its signal to the cell?
with the aid of a second messenger.
-
The second messenger is...
a chemical signal that relays instruction from the cell's surface to enzymes in the cytoplasm.
-
The most important second messenger is...
cyclic AMP (cAMP)
-
why is cAMP known as the universal hinger signal?
it is the second messenger of the hormones epinephrine and glucagon which cause energy mobilization
-
secon messengers allow a greater ______ than receptors produce alone.
signal
-
some enzymes are inactivated by..
phosphorylation
-
epinephrine activates..
one G-protein-linked receptor
-
one G-protein-linked receptor activates...
many G-proteins
-
Each G-protein activates..
many adenylyl cyclase enzymes
-
each adenylyl cyclase enzymes makes...
lots of cAMP from ATP
-
each cAMP activates...
many cAMP-dPK
-
each cAMP-dpk phosphorylates..
many enzymes...activating some and inactivationg some.
-
the G-protein-linked receptors that have nothing to do with cAMP activate an enzyme called...
phospholipase C.
-
enzymes are ________.
Catalysts
-
Activation energy is the energy at the ....
outset
-
a (an) _______ reduces a reaction's activation energy
Catalyst's (enzyme's)
-
Decreasing the activation energy ________ the reaction rate.
increases
-
A ________ is unaltered in quantity and condition in a reaction.
catalyst
-
Enzymes do not affect the _________ of reactants and products
equilibrium constant
-
The "lock and Key" theory correlates to...
enzyme specificity
-
most enzymes function at a pH between...
6.5-8.0
-
gastric enzymes function at a pH between....
1.5-2.5
-
most enzymes work best at the physiological temperature of...
37C
-
Denaturation occurs when a protein comes in contact with ________ temps.
excessive
-
denaturated proteins put back into stable conditions will usually....
renature
-
rate of a catalyzed reaction depends on the concentration of ______ and _______.
substrate and enzymes
-
each enzyme associates with its substrate at an....
active site
-
Substrate A + Substrate B + Enzyme ---> _______________ ---> Enzyme + Products
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
-
Cofactors are..
inorganic substances (Fe2 or Cu2 ions)
-
Coenzymes are...
Organic substances (vitamins)
-
enzymes are controlled by a process called...
feedback inhibiton
-
Feedback inhibition is when an enzyme's activity may be inhibited by...
accumulation of product
-
feedback inhibition prevents the cell from producing...
an excessive quantity of product
-
competitive inhibition occurs when two molecules (the inhibitor and the substrate) compete for...
an enzyme's active site
-
____ is the form in which most cells store their energy
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
-
The molecular makeup of ATP includes the three components...
Adenine, Ribose and 3 phosphate groups
-
In ATP, the bonds that link the two phosphate group farthest from the adenosine moiety are...
high-energy bonds
-
No bond releases ______ when broken
energy
-
The energy from bond disruption actually comes from...
the subsequent formation of bonds that are more stable.
-
the energy required to synthesize ATP is derived from...
glucose molecules stored in the cell
-
ATP is produced anaerobically via process of....
glycolysis
-
Glycolysis might be followed by two steps called...
- fermentation (continues glycolysis)
- Aerobic processes (Produces add'tl ATP)
-
Glycolysis breaks down a glucose molecule to yield...
two moleclues of pyruvate
-
glycolysis has a net gain of ___ ATP
2
-
___ ATPs are required for glycolysis
2
-
glycolysis produces __ ATPs
4
-
glycoylsis produces __ NADHs
2
-
NADH stores energy that will ultimately generate additional ATP if _____ is present
oxygen
-
The Net chemical formula for glycolysis
1 Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ ---> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H2O + 2H+
-
Glycolysis occurs in...
the cell's cytoplasm
-
glycolysis is a(n) _________ process that occurs in aerobic and anaerobic cells
anaerobic
-
if there is no oxygen or aerobic processes available the pyruvate produced through glycolysis undergoes .....
fermentation
-
Fermentation is...
An anaerobic process in which some organic molecule accepts (is reduced by) the hydrogen atoms produced during glycolysis.
-
In fermentation, pyruvate is converted to...
lactate
-
For each of the two pyruvate molecules produced via glycolysis one yields a molecule of ________ and the other regenerates one molecule of _______ from _______
-
fermentation produces ____ net ATP
0
-
__________ is produced when pyruvate loses a terminal CO2 group
acetaldehyde
-
Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid by way of...
glycolysis
-
Pyruvic acid is converted to lactate in animal cells by way of...
fermentation
-
pyruvic acid is converted to ethanol and CO2 in yeast by way of...
fermentation
-
the more mitochondira a cells has, the more _____ it can produce
ATP
-
Crossing over and recombination should not occur within....
mtDNA
-
if DNA comes from a single source, _______ can not occur
recombination
-
During conjugation, the genes transferred are typically located on...
plasmids
-
stabilizing selections leads to most of the population having a....
intermediate phenotype
-
Disruptive selection leads to the development of...
two extreme phenotypes in the population
-
Directional selection leads to ...
a selective pressure which forces the population to drive towards a single phenotype
-
the only enzyme responsible for DNA replication is...
DNA Polymerase
-
Helicase is an enzyme that...
unwinds the DNA double helix
-
Ligase is an enzyme that...
seals DNA fragment
-
RNA polymerase is responsible for...
transcription (conversion of DNA to RNA)
-
The organelles that normally contain digestive enzymes are...
lysosomes
-
The ER is involved with _____ synthesis
lipid
-
The golgi complex function is to...
sort and route the contents of the ER
-
Mitochondria are involed with aerobic cellular respiration and the production of.....
ATP
-
what are the four phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
-
what happens in prophase? (6 things)
- chromosomes become distinct
- nucleolus (nuceoli) disappear.
- Centiroles appear
- asters appear
- spindle appear.
- Nucelear membrane disappears.
-
what happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes move to the equator of the cell and duplicate
-
what happens in anaphase? (2 things)
- the two chromatids split apart and start migration toward the pole os the spindle
- the spindle loses its defintion
-
What happens in telophase? (2 things)
- Chromosomes lengthen and become less distinct
- Nucleoli reappear
- Next is interphase.
-
what is interphase?
- cell growth
- protein synthesis
- DNA Synthesis
- Chromosome Duplication
-
what happens between mitosis and the G1 phase?
cytokinesis
-
what happens in the G1 phase?
cell metabolism
-
G1 phase is also called ..
the gap phase
-
what happens in the S phase?
replication of the genome
-
what is another name for the s phase?
synthesis phase
-
what is another name for the G2 phase?
growth phase
-
what happens in the G2 phase?
cell metabolism
-
what phases make up interphase?
G, G2 and S
-
list the phases starting with prophase to g2 phase in order...
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
- g1 phase
- s phase
- g2 phase
-
what happens in meiosis 1 interphase?
cell performs all its normal functions. Before mitosis begins, DNA doubles.
-
What happens in meiosis 1 prophase?
- DNA contracts
- nucleus wall disappears
- homologous chomosomes pair and swap DNA
-
What happens in meiosis 1 metaphase?
Spindle is visible and helps homologous chromosomes sit next to each other
-
what happens in meiosis 1 anaphase?
homologous chromosomes get pulled to opposite poles
-
what happens in meiosis 1 telophase?
- the two nuclei reform around the DNA.
- The cells divide (cytokinesis)
-
What happens in meiosis 2 prophase?
spindle forms
-
what happens in meiosis 2 metaphase?
Spindle is visible and helps chromosomes line up on equator
-
What happens in meiosis 2 anaphase?
Chromatids get pulled to opposite poles
-
What happens in meiosis 2 telophase?
- the two nuclei reform around the DNA.
- The cells divide (cytokinesis)
-
Reduction divsion is...
the generation of haploid daughter cells by a diploid parent cell
-
gametogenisis is...
a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes
-
star shaped fibers are called...
aster fibers
-
each member of the pair of chromosomes is called...
sister chromatid
-
each chromatid is called...
a daughter chromosome
-
binding in the first meiotic division takes places at ...
chiasma = synaptonemal membrane
-
Crossing over is a from of genetic _________ that is specific to meiosis
recombination
-
-
mitosis generates two _______ daughters
diploid
-
meosis generates four _____ daughters
haploid
-
spermatogonia
is an intermediary male gametogonium (a kind of germ cell) in the production of spermatozoa.
-
each primary spermatocyte produces ....
four haploid spermatids
-
a diploid oogonium begins meiosis to produce a ....
primary oocyte
-
the larger daughter cell in oogenesis is called...
the secondary oocyte
-
the smaller daughter cell in oogenesis is called...
polar body
-
A gene is...
a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, which code for a gene product.
-
The three gene products are...
-
rRNA is made via..
transcription
-
tRNA is made via..
transcription
-
Polypeptide is made via....
transcription and translation
-
Genes are composed of ______________ and can code for one of three final gene products.
DNA on chromosomes
-
Genes are composed of DNA on chromosomes and can code for ....
one of three final gene products.
-
The proteins formed via transcription and translation are encoded by...
DNA on the chromosomes
-
An organisim's genetic traits are traceable, largely due to...
proteins formed by its cells via transcription and translation
-
An organisim's genetic traits are traceable, largely due to proteins formed by its cells via...
transcription and translation
-
the law of independent assortment (second law) states that
separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring.
-
the law of segregation (first law) states that..
every individual possesses a pair of alleles (assuming diploidy) for any particular trait and that each parent passes a randomly selected copy (allele) of only one of these to its offspring
-
offspring takes ___ allele(s) from the mother and ____ allele(s) from the father
-
AA x aa gentoypic ratio of offspring?
100% Aa
-
AA x Aa gentoypic ratio of offspring?
-
Aa x aa gentoypic ratio of offspring?
-
Aa x Aa gentoypic ratio of offspring?
- 25% AA
- 50% Aa
- 25% aa
- *Called 1:2:1 Ratio*
-
AA x aa phentoypic ratio of offspring?
100% dominant A phenotype
-
AA x Aa phentoypic ratio of offspring?
100% dominant A phenotype
-
Aa x aa phentoypic ratio of offspring?
- 50% dominant A phenotype
- 50% recessive a phenotype
-
Aa x Aa phentoypic ratio of offspring?
- 75% dominant A phenotype
- 25% recessive a phenotype
-
AaBb x aabb genotypic ratio of offspring
- 25% AaBb
- 25% Aabb
- 25% aaBb
- 25% aabb
-
AaBb x aabb phenotypic ratio of offspring
- 25% A and B phenotypes
- 25% A and b phenotypes
- 25% a and B phenotypes
- 25% a and b phenotypes
-
the failure of genes to display independent assortment is called...
linkage
-
In humans, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the plasma regulates breathing rate by...
its effect on the medulla
-
Most autotrophs store energy in the form of..
starches
-
In humans, what do bile salts play an important role in enhancing the intestinal absorption of?
fatty acids
-
The nucleic acid responsible for transmitting genetic information from the DNA molecule in the nucleus to the cytoplasm is...
Messenger RNA
-
Which of the following changes in the body is NOT caused by stimulation of the human sympathetic nervous system?
A. Increased sweating.
B. Increased heart rate.
C. Constriction of pupils.
D. Increased blood pressure.
Constriction of pupils
-
Chromatin is composed of DNA and protein and is found primarily......
in the nucleus.
-
What is the cell division during which the chromosome number is reduced from diploid to haploid known as?
meiosis
-
Sodium ions are "pumped" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration in the nerve cells of humans. This process is an example of..
active transport
-
The rate of lymph flow is ________than that of the circulation
slower
-
What is the major process by which the kidney removes waste products from the blood called?
Glomerular filtration
-
Which human organ has the primary function of removing waste products from the blood?
kidneys
-
In humans, the fusion of the nuclei of two functional gametes results in the formation of a..
zygote
-
A monoploid cell is
a cell with half the normal number of chromosomes, these are gametes
-
Homeostasis in living things is regulated by the action of what systems?
nervous and endocrine.
-
Most end-products of complete chemical digestion are described as..
small, soluble organic molecules
-
Which organ of the human body is first affected by a rapid decrease of glucose concentration in the blood?
brain
-
Glycogen is...
the storage form of glucose in the different cells of the body.
-
Which plasma protein is most abundant in plasma?
albumin
-
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are primarily transported through the blood bound to...
hemoglobin
-
In the oxidation of glucose to water and carbon dioxide, enzymes are needed to catalyze the release of...
energy by hydrogen removal
-
A trace element necessary for normal health of the human body is..
copper
-
A trace element is...
a dietary mineral that is needed in very minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism
-
sperm cells of an animal that are produced from primary sex cells contain the ______ of chromosomes
monoploid number
-
what electrolyte is most abundant inside the cell?
potassium
-
what electrolyte is most abundant outside the cell?
sodium
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In humans, what is the ratio of the number of gametes produced from one male primary sex cell to the number of gametes produced from one female primary sex cell?
4:1
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_____viable sperm cells are produced from one primary sex cell.
four
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____ viable egg cell is produced from one primary sex cell
one
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what substance is actively reabsorbed by the kidney tubules?
glucose
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Urea and creatinine normally pass through the kidney in the.....
glomerular filtrate
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The number of autosomes and type of sex chromosome normally present in a human egg cell is:
22 + X
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What is the descending portion of an action potential after the initial spike potential in a cell is cause by?
Potassium efflux out of the cell.
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respiration is the process of...
obtaining energy stored within food
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Transport involves getting.....
materials to and from cells or organisms and moving them within the cell or organism.
-
Many unicellular organisms reproduce by the process of...
fission
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Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction whereby a cell...
replicates its DNA and splits its DNA and cytoplasm equally
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Regeneration is a type of asexual reproduction that is performed by...
simple multicellular animals
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Ovulation is...
the release of an egg to be used in sexual reproduction.
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nondisjunction is when...
the chromosomes split unequally in sexual reproduction..
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phenylketonuria is the disorder of..
amino acid metabolism
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galactosemia is a disorder of....
carbohydrate metabolism
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Tay-Sachs is a disorder of...
lipis metabolism
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pernicious anemia occurs because of...
vitamin B12 deficiency
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