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Treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively.
Therapy
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Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks to a psychological professional.
Psychotherapy
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Therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms.
Biomedical Therapy
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Therapies in which the main gola is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts and feelings.
Insight Therapies
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Therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly.
Action Therapy
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An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.
Psychoanalysis
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Founder of the psychoanalytic school of thought which focuses on the role of the unconscious on behavior.
Sigmund Freud
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The analysis of the elements within a patient's reported dream as a means of revealing unconcious conflicts and desires.
Dream Interpretation
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The actual conect of one's dream.
Manifest Content
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The symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams.
Latent Content
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Psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.
Free Association
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Occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent.
Resistance
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In psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive of negative feelings for important people from the past into the therapist.
Transference
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Therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions.
Directive
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A newer and more general term for therapists based on psychoanalysis with the emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times and a more direct therapeutic approach.
Psychodynamic Therapy
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Therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgemental listeneer while the client talks.
Nondirective
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Psychotherapy focused on conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and people's sense of self.
Humanistic Theory
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Humanist psychologist who focused on the role of the self-concept and positive regard on personality development.
Carl Rogers
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A nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.
Person-Centered Therapy
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Therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the clinet says rather than interpreting those statements.
Reflection
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Referring to the warmth, respect and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy.
Unconditional Positive Regard
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Warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significatn others in one's life.
Positive Regard
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The ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client.
Empathy
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The genuine, open and honest response of the therapist to the client.
Authenticity.
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Form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences using leading questions and planned epxeriences such as role-playing.
Gestalt Therapy
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Developed and popularized Gestalt therapy.
Fritz Perls
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Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior.
Behavior Therapies
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The use of learning techniques to modify or change undisirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.
Behavior Modification or Applied Behavior Analysis.
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Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is aksed to make a list of ordered fears and tught to relax while concentraining on those fears.
Systematic Desensitization
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Replacing an old conditioned response with a new one by changing the unconditioned stimulus.
Counter-Conditioning
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Form of behavior therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior.
Aversion Therapy
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Technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is reapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevents from making the usual avoidance or escape method.
Flooding.
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Learning through the observation and imitation of others.
Modeling
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Technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model.
Particpant Modeling
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The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consquence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
Reinforcement
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The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desied items or priviledges.
Token Economy
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A formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavior change, reinforcments and penalties are clearly states.
Contingency Contract
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The removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior.
Extinction
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An extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinformement for undesirable behavior, ususually by being placed on a quiet conrner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunties.
Time-Out
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Therapy in which the focus is on helping cleints recognize distortion in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic belief's more realistic, helpful thoguhts.
Cognitive Therapy
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Distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence.
Arbitrary Inference
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Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only on aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects.
Selective Thinking
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Distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original.
Overgeneralization
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Distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization).
Magnification and Minimization
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Distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsiblity or blame for events that are unconnected to the person.
Personalization
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Action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
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A type of therapy in which a group of clients meet together with a therapist.
Group Therapy
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A form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.
Family Counseling (Family Therapy)
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A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving and social and emotional support.
Self-Help Groups (Support Groups)
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Controversial form of therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and similar anxiety problems in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory.
Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR).
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Therapy style that results from combining elements of several different therapy techniques.
Eclective Therapies
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The relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect and understanding.
Therapeutic Alliance
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Psychotherapy that is offered on the internet. Also called online, internet or Web therapy or counseling.
Cybertherapy
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Therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain.
Biomedical Therapies
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The use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders.
Psychopharmacology
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Drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations and other bizarre behavior.
Antipsychotic Drugs
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Drugs used to treat and clam anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers.
Antianxiety Drugs
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Drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.
Antidepressant Drugs
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Form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one ofr both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (UCT)
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Electroconvulsive therapy in which the electrodes are placed on both sides of the head.
Bilateral ECT
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Electroconvulsive therapy in which the electrodes are placed on only one side of the head an the forehead.
Unilateral ECT
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Surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control several psychological disorders.
Psychosurgery
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Psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed.
Prefrontal Lobotomy
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Psychosurgical technique in wich an electrode wire is inserted into the cingulated gyrus aread of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machines for the prupose of destroying that area of the brain tissue with an electric current.
Bilateral Cingulotomy
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