Exam 3: The Thorax Handout Part 1

  1. What does a rib dislocation commonly refer to?
    displacement of cartilage, usually 2nd-7th, from sternum (dislocation of synovial joint)
  2. What does a rib dislocation cause?
    severe pain at time of injury and during respiratory movements
  3. What does a rib dislocation produce?
    a lump like deformity at dislocation site
  4. Does dislocation of costovertebral joints occur?
    yes, but less common
  5. Why are dislocation of costovertebral joints less common?
    owing to strong articular capsules ligaments
  6. When are rib dislocations common?
    in body contact sports
  7. What are possible complications with rib dislocation?
    pressure on or damage to nearby nerves, blood vessels, and muscles
  8. What does a rib separation usually refer to?
    • dislocation of costochondral junction between rib and costal cartilage
    • no lack of continuity in shaft of rib that may be detected in radiograph of fractured rib 
  9. What happens in conjunction with separation of 3rd to 10th rib?
    • trearing of perichondrium and/or periostium
    • one of costal cartilages (usually 10th) separates from inferior border of costal cartilage superior to it 
  10. Since the perichondrium tears w/ rib separation, what usually happens?
    cartilage of "slipping rib" can move superiorly and override one superior to it, causing pain
  11. Why would one need to count the ribs?
    to determine which rib is diseased/injured
  12. How does one count the ribs?
    • sternal angle located/palpating digit passed directly laterally from it to second costal cartilage
    • ribs counted inferolaterally from this point to avid confusion w/ fused intercostal cartilages 
  13. Can the sternal angle occur at level of 3rd costal cartilage?
    yes but uncommon
  14. When should one check for the sternal angle to be at 3rd costal cartilage?
    if manubrium is longer than usual and sternal angle is move than 5 cm (2in) inferior to jugular notch
  15. Where does the subclavian artery pass on its way to the upper extremity?
    crosses 1st rib
  16. What does the subclavian artery produce when the subclavian artery passes the 1st rib?
    distinct groove
  17. Could the subclavian artery be compressed where it passes over the 1st rib?
    yes
  18. If the subclavian artery is compressed when passing the 1st rib, what happens?
    • produces vasular symptoms
    • (pallor, coldness, and cyanosis of hands)
    •  
  19. What happens with pressure on inferior trunk of brachial plexus?
    nerve compression symptoms (numbness/tingling) in digits
  20. What is it called when the subclavian artery and inferior trunk of brachial plexus are compressed?
    • neurovascular compresssion syndrome
    • (but also has many other names) 
  21. What is another name for herpes zoster?
    shingles
  22. What is herpes zoster?
    • viral disease of spinal dorsal root ganglia
    • (literally: creeping, girdle-shaped cutaneous eruption) 
  23. What happens when herpes zoster invades spinal ganglia?
    • sharp buring pain produced in area of skin supplied by nerves involved
    • few days later, involved dermatomes become red/vesicular eruptions appear on skin 
  24. Where can a hypdermic needle be inserted to obtain a sample of pleural fluid or to remove blood/pus from pleural cavity?
    through an intercostal space
  25. Where can a tube be inserted to drain fluid/air from pleural cavity?
    intercostal space
  26. What is aspiration?
    removal by suction
  27. What site is chosen for aspiration of the pleural cavity?
    • depends on where abnormal fluid is located
    • tube usually passed through intercostal space just lateral to angles of ribs 
  28. During aspiration, how does one avoid damage to main intercostal vessles/nerve?
    needle inserte superor to rib, just high enough to avoid collateral branches
  29. How is local anesthesia of intercostal space produced?
    inject anesthetic agent around origin of intercostal N, just lateral to vertebra concerned
  30. What is intercostal nerve block?
    inflitration of local anesthetic agent around intercostal N trunk and collateral branch
  31. What does the term block indicate?
    that nerve endings (pain receptors) in skin and transmission of impulses insensory nn carrying information about pain are interrupted (blocked) before reach spinal cord/brain
  32. Because of considerable overlapping of adjacent dermatomes, what must be done for complete anesthesia to result?
    two or more consecutive intercostal nn are anesthetized
  33. Do the moist, smooth pleurae make sound during inspiration/expiration?
    no
  34. What is auscultaion?
    listening to sounds made by thoracic viscera
  35. What happens when there is inflammation of pleurae?
    • pleuritis
    • makes surfaces of lungs rough 
  36. What is the result of rough lungs?
    • friction rub (pleural rub)
    • heart w/ stethoscope 
  37. What does irritation of parietal pleura cause?
    pain referred to thoracoabdominal wall (innervated by intercostal nerves) or to shoulder
  38. What may cause pleural adhesions to form between parietal and visceral layers of pleura?
    pleuritis
  39. What is hydrothorax?
    accumulation of significant amounts of fluid in pleural cavity
  40. Is there one main cause of hydrothorax?
    no, results from variety of causes
  41. What happens in advanced cases of pleuritis?
    serum from inflamed pleurae may exude/effuse from blood vessels of pleurae into pleural cavity
  42. Whe forms pleural exudate?
    serum from inflamed pleurae exuding/effusing from blood vessels of pleurae into pleural cavity (in pleuritis)
  43. As fluid accumulates, the negative or subatmospheric pressure is lessened, what does this allow the lung to do?
    retract
  44. What happens when lung is completely retracted?
    additional fluid will displace the heart and mediastinum toward opposite side
  45. What happens with a chest wound?
    blood may enter pleural cavity (hemothorax)
  46. What is chyle?
    lymph and emulsified fat
  47. Why may chyle pass into pleural cavity?
    ruptured thoracic duct
  48. What is chylothorax?
    when chyle passes into pleural cavity from ruptured thoracic duct
  49. What is pneumothorax?
    air in pleural cavity
  50. What causes pneumothorax?
    • penetrating wound or rupture of lung
    • fractured ribs 
  51. What is the result of pneumothorax?
    partial collapse of lung
  52. What is the most common type of pneumothorax?
    spntaneous pneumothorax
  53. What happens in an open pneumothorax?
    communication between atmosphere and pleural cavity
  54. What is open pneumothorax sometimes referred to as?
    • blowing wound
    • sucking pneumothorax 
Author
brau2308
ID
162432
Card Set
Exam 3: The Thorax Handout Part 1
Description
review of thorax handout for exam 3
Updated