clin chem 2

• determines the function of kidneys and other organs
• ie pancreas-glucose
• liver-bilirubin

Rbcs in urine, red-reddish brown & cloudy

inflammation, trauma, urolithiasis, neoplasia, coagulopathy, rough collection technique

Hgb in urine, red-reddish brown transparent, usually paired with hemolytic plasma

AIHA, incompatible blood transfusion, toxins/ venom, rbc parasites (mycoplasm)

red-reddish brown transparent, clear plasma, occurs with muscle cell lysis

rhabdomyolysis (monday morning sickness) , cushing injuries, muscle exertion, heat stoke, electric shock, snake bite,

dark yellow orange, yellow brown green, stains fingers, caused by excessive hemolysis, hepatobiliary obstruction, liver dz

may indicate cystitis due to urease (+) bacteria (urease converts urea back to ammonia)

may indicate sudomonas or ketones due to Dm

increased protein

renal tubular fx and how well they respond to adh, how well they reabsorb h2o into the bloodstream

hydration status

1.025

1.008-1.012 or 1.015 in cats because it becomes isosthinuric urine

fixed usg= 2/3-3/4 of the nephrons are non-functional=Renal Failure

h20 not being reabsobed and nephs not responding to ADH

• (more h2o less stuff)
• urine is pale and dilute
• pyometra, DI (lack adh), cushings, diuresis from drugs, iv fluids, renal failure, increase in fluid intake

dehydration, acute renal shutdown (oleguria (scanty)) shock, DM (urine is palebut increased usg bc of dissolved glucose causeing a hypertonic solution) 

determination of protein in urine

cloudier=more protein

• reported in #/hpf
• squamous
• transitional
• renal

• Found: distal 1/3 of urethra, vag, vulva, and prepuce
• looks: larges ep. cell in urine, cornflake, clustered or single, nucleus siz of an rbc
• Signif: Norm in mild amounts dep. on collection method

• Found: line the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and prox. parts of the urethra
• looks: round pear or caudate shape, large nucleus, granular, larger than wbc
• Signif:can be norm may be increased w/ inflam, urolithiasis, neoplasia, trauma
• Ect: more common in cysto

• #/hpf
• <5=normal, mostly segs, look 1.5-2x bigger than rbc
• indicate inflam. usually hand in hand with bacteria

Blocked toms will have increased WBC but no bacteria

• #/hpf, <5 is norm, more if using cysto, catherter, or manual extraction
• appearance will vary with usg and ph
• increased usg=hypertonic=crenated rbc
• decreased usg=hypo=swollen rbc or bursts (ghost cells with no hgb)

• alkaline ph destoyes rbcs
• acidic ph preserves rbcs

large amount is norm in horses due to mucus glands in the renal pelvis and ureters

bact. with no wbc usually indicateds contamination, gram stain sediment, report reaction and shape (purp. pos)

• amorphous phosphates if urine is alkaline
• amorphous urates when urine is acidic

"bladder sludge"

• Stuvite or ammonium magnesium phosphate crystas (amp)
• form in alkaline to slightly acidic urine normal in horses cats and dogs
• may indicate urolythiasis
• look like coffin lids, colorless

tx: acidify urine through diet

• acidic to slighty alkaline
• norm in dogs cats, ocassionally in horses
• may indicate Urolithiasis or Ethylene Glycol tox.
• monohydrate=colorless dumbell
• dihydrate-more common colorless envelopesq

• always pathologic and indicate ethelyne glycol toxicity
• look like picket fence posts

most common in horses yellow brown dumbell shape or round with radial striations (reason horses urine is cloudy mixed iwth mucus)

spiky yellow gold needles can be norm in dogs increased # indicates liver dz

• thron apple, brown
• common in dalmations and primates due to increaed excreation of uric acid in urine
• if found in animals other than Dal. and primates, can indicate portosystemic shunt and liver dz

• six sided stop sign, flat and colorless
• never norm. idicates congenital inability to metabolize certain ammino acids
• common in daushunds

• usually seen together never normal, indicates liver dz usually sever
• Tyro-long cluster of spiky needles
• leucine-grapfruit or wheel

• looks like chips of broken glass
• norm. in dalmations
• form as urine is allowed to stand or if temp flucuates, little clinical significance

• flat colorless transparent stair step
• can be norm or may indicate sever kidney disease rarely seen

centrifuge 5-10ml  in conical tube or 1-1.5ml of urine in bullet centrifuge at 1500 rpm/3-5min or use statspin