Child Development Test 1

Seeks to understand how and why people (all kinds of people, everywhere, of every age) change over time

A. The view that in the study of human development, the person should be considered in all the contexts and interaction that consititue a life

B. Urie Bronfenbrenner

Biosocial Development

Cognitive Development

Psychosocial Development

Biosocial Development includes all the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change

Note: Motor skills are a part of this domain

• Cognitive Development includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment.
• Congition encompasses perception, imagination, judgement, memory and language - The processes people us to think, decide, and learn.
• Education not only the formal curriculum in schools as informal learningis part of this domain as well

Includes development of emothions, temperament, and social skills, Family, friends, the community, the culture, and the larger society are particulary central to the psychosocial domain. For example, cultural differences in "appropriate" Sex roles or in family structures are part of this domain

A group of people who were born at about the same time and thus move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts at about the same age

Theories offer useful hypotheses

A. A way to answer questions that require empirical reasearch and data-based conclusions.

• B. It is a method for designing and conducting research that gathers emperical evidence that will either confirm or refute the hypothesis.
• The experiment should be designed to try to isolate the phenomenon and the proposed cause. It should be repoducable

A specific prediction that is stated in such a way that it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted

A. The repetition of a study, using different participants

• B. Scientists are human, some prejudices lurk in what they decide to study, and how they study it.
• Being able to replicate the results of a study can allow it to be accepted by the scientific community

In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the Dependent Variable.

*Also called Experimental Varible

In an experiment, the variable that may change as the result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.

In other words, the Dependent Variable depends on the Independent Variable.

A group of participants in a Research Study who experience some special treatment or condition (the Independent Variable)

A group of participants in a Research Study who are similar to the experimental group in all relevant ways but who do not experience the experimental condition (the Independent Varible)

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.

To study developments over an extended period of time

A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.

It was developed by Sigmund Freud; stressing our unconscious motives and drives.

• Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Yr) - Lips, Tongue, & Gums
• Anal Stage (1-3) - Anus is focus of pleasure - potty training
• Phallic Stage (3-6) Penis is most important body part, Girls wonder why they don't have one
• Latency (6-11) Not a real stage: interlude sex needs are quiet
• Gential Stage (Adolescence) -Gentials are focus of pleasure - sexual stimulation & satisfaction
• Adulthood - Continuation of Gential Stage

An ego psychologist who studied with Anna Freud, Erikson expanded psychoanalytic theory by exploring development throughout the life, including events of childhood, adulthood, and old age.

A. Psycosocial Stages

B. Eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis. He named two polarities at each stage.

• Trust vs Mistrust - Babies either trust or mistrust for basic needs
• Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt - Child either self sufficient or doubt their abilities
• Initative vs Guilt - Child wants to undertake Adult Activities or internalize the limits/prohibitions set by parents. They feel either adventurous or guilty
• Industry vs Inferiority - Child learn to be competent & productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior, and unable to do anything as well as they wish they could.
• Identity vs Role Confusion - Adolenscents wonder Who Am I? Establish Sexual, Political & Vocational identities or are confused about what roles to play
• Intimacy vs Isolation - Young Adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from others as they fear rejection and disappointment.
• Generativity vs Stagnation - Middle Aged Adults contribute to the next generation through meaningful work, creative activities, and/or raising a family or they stagnate
• Integrity vs Dispair - Older adults try to make sense out of their lives either seeing life as a meaningful whole or despairing goals never reached.

• Sensorimotor (B-2)
• Characteristics: Infants use senses & motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active; No conceptual or reflective thought.
• Gains: Infants Learn that an object still exists when it is out of sight (object permanence) and begin to think through mental actions

• Preoperational (2-6)
• Characteristic: Children think magically & poetically, using language to undersatnd the the world. Thinking is egocentric, causing children to perceive the world from their own perspective
• Gains: The imagination flourishes, and language becomes a significeant means of self-expression and of infuence from others.

• Concrete Operational (6-11)
• Characteristics: Children understand and apply logical operations, or principles, to interpret experiences objectively and rationally. Their thinking is limited to what they can personally see, hear, touch, and experience.
• Gains: By applying logical abilities, children learn to understand concepts of conservation, number, claassification, and many other scientific ideas
• Formal Operational (12-Adult)
• Characteristics: Adolescents and Adults think about abstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally. They can be logical about things they have never experienced.
• Gains: Ethics, politics, and social and moral issues become fascinating as adolescents an adults take a broader and more theorical approach to experience.

A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior.

Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it describes the law and processes by which a behavior is learned.

Classical Conditioning - The learning process in which a meaninful stimulus (i.e. the smell of food to a hungry animal) is connected with a neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) that had no special meaning before conditioning.

Also called respondent Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning - The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired (which makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action)
• or by something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated)

Also called Instrumental Conditioning

Association versus Behavior Change

Dr Harry Harlow was a Psychologist who studied learing in monkeys.

He conducted experiments on maternal separation, and attachment and its effects

• Social Learning Theory - An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behaviour.
• Even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people.

The central process of social learning by which a person observes the actions of others and then copies them.

Nature:(Heredity) The influence of genes that people inherit

versus

Nurture: Environmental influences such as the health and diet of the embro's mother, and continuing lifelong including family, school, community, and society

The female reproductive cell

A reproductive cell, that is a sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a Gamete from the other sex to make a Zygote

• A new living cell created by the merging of two different cells
• Sperm & Ovum.
• It is unlike the cell of either parent.

The Sex Chromosome

xx is girl xy is boy

Ovum

23 Pairs or 46 in all.

Monozygotic Twins originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development.

Note: Other monozygotic multiple births such as triplets and quadruplets can occur as well.

Dizygotic Twins are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

Trisomy-21 (three copies of Chromosome 21 instead of two)

Two weeks

It begins with conception and lasts 14 days

Five Weeks

It runs from the third to the eighth week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs develop.

The Fetal Period - 9th Weeks after conception until birth

The organ that surrounds the developing embryo and fetus, sustaing life via the umbilical cord. The placenta is attached to the wall of the pregnant woman's uterus.

A new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth.

• Minor - Baby Blues
• Severe - Postpartum Psychosis

20 Inches

Sense of Sight

Kinds of newborn reflexes:

Maintain Oxygen Supply: Breathing, hiccups, sneezes, thrashing

Maintain Body Temperature

Facilitate Feeding: Sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting up

Crawl - 4-6 months

Walk Unassisted - 1 year (on average)

Increased it.

Jean Piaget -Theorist who emphasized that infants are active learners and that early learning is based on senses and motor skills

Reflexes

Assimulation is to Accommodation as Incorporating is to Adjusting

Assimulation - new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimulated

Accomdation - old ideas are resturctured to include, or accomodate, new experiences

Body movements, gestures, grunts, cries, squeals, and words

Reflexes, Cooing, Babling, Spoken Words

Names and Nouns

Parents are expert teachers, although other caregivers help them teach children to speak

Frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when thely are linked to daily life

Well taught infants become well spoken children.

Parents

An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves.

It is most obivious between 9 & 14 months.

Usually strongest at 8 or 9 months.

Temperament is the inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation.

Temperament is epigenetic, originating in genes but affected by child rearing practices

• Easy or flexible
• Difficult, active, or feisty

Slow to warm up or cautious

An affectional tie that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.