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What are the 2 types of metabolism?
Catabolic and Anabolic
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Metabolism involves what reaction that breaks down large, complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules?
Catabolic reactions
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Metabolism involves what reaction that use ATP energy to build large molecules?
Anabolic reactions
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What are the 3 stages in catabolic reactions?
Digestion and hydrolysis, degradation, and oxidation
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In catabolic reactions, what breaks down large molecules to smaller ones that enter the bloodstream?
Digestion and Hydrolysis
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In catabolic reactions, what breaks down molecules to two- and three- carbon compounds?
Degradation
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In catabolic reactions, what happens to small molecules in the citric acid cycle and electron transport that provide ATP energy?
Oxidation
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What is the energy form stored in cells?
ATP
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Where does ATP come from?
The oxidation of food
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ATP consists of what?
Adenine (nitrogen base), a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
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What requires 7.3 (31 kJ) per mole to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
ATP
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The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases ____kcal, which is ___kJ/mole.
7.3kcal; 31kJ
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The hydrolysis of ADP to AMP release ____kcal, which is ___kJ/mole.
7.3kcal; 31kJ
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Muscle fibers contain what 2 protein fibers?
Actin and Myosin
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Muscle fibers contract (slide closer together) when what?
A nerve impulse increases Ca2+
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Where does muscle fibers obtain the energy for contraction?
Hydrolysis of ATP
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Muscle fibers return to the relaxed position as what decreases?
ATP and Ca2+
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Stage 1 digestion of carbs begins where and with what?
In the mouth with amylase
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Stage 1 digestion of carbs begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller polysaccharides ( _____ ), maltose, and some glucose.
Dextrins
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Stage 1 digestion of carbs continues in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to _____ and _____.
Maltose and glucose
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Stage 1 digestion of carbs hydrolyzes maltose, lactose, and sucrose to monosaccharides, mostly _____, which enter the bloodstream for transport to the cells.
Glucose
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What is Stage 2 glycolysis?
It’s a metabolic pathway that uses glucose, a digestion product
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Stage 2 glycolysis degrades 6-carbon glucose molecules in to what?
3 carbon pyruvate molecules
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Stage 2 glycolysis is an (aerobic or anaerobic) process.
Anaerobic
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In reactions 1-5 of glycolysis, energy is required to do what?
Add phosphate groups to glucose
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In reactions 1-5 of glycolysis, glucose is converted into what?
Two 3-carbon molecules
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In reactions 6-10 of glycolysis, energy is generates as what & how many ATP are produced?
As sugar phosphate are cleaved to triose phosphate, producing 4 ATP
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In glycolysis, how many ATP are used to add phosphates to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate.
2
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In glycolysis, how many ATP are formed in energy-generation by direct transfer of phosphate groups to four ADP.
4
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In glycolysis, there is a net gain of how many ATP and NADH?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
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Glycolysis is regulated by what 3 enzymes?
Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, and Pyruvate kinase
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Glycolysis is regulated by 3 enzymes. In reaction 1, what is inhibited by high levels of glucose-6-phosphate, which prevents the phosphorylation of glucose?
Hexokinase
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Glycolysis is regulated by 3 enzymes. In reaction 3, what is an allosteric enzyme that is inhibited by high levels of ATO and activated by high levels of ADP and AMP?
Phosphofructokinase
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Glycolysis is regulated by 3 enzymes. In reaction 10, what is another allosteric enzyme that inhibited by high levels of ATP or acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate kinase
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