output of a system is feed back to the beginning regulating the whole system
Bernard, Claude
regulation of an “internal environment” of the body within a relatively narrow range
cybernetics
science of control and communication in animals and machines
delay
may be short or long depending on anatomy, time
emergence
property of a system can't be predicted from simple sum of its parts
gain
action that describes the intensity or magnitude of activity of the effector.
regulatory cascade
use a sequence of many steps to reach a final condition rapidly
nonlinear ("chaotic") systems
dynamic systems where small changes initially lead to drastic changes downstream
phase space diagram
all possible states of a system are represented, generally in a position vs. momentum graph
reflex
smallest unit of regulatory function
astrocytes
accesory cells which contact capillaries and other neurons
axon
long, often unbranched, part of a neuron that transmits signals
axon terminals
membrane bound vesicles which can transmit chemical messengers
dorsal root ganglion
contains cell bodies of pseudounipolar cells; no information processed here
interneuron
specialized neurons which can integrate mutliple inputs, generate ryhtmic patterns
nerve net
primative arrangement of neurons with little special organization and little specialization
reticular formation
a primitive network that runs through the brain stem. It helps with cardiovascular reflexes, alerting the cerebral cortex, and respiratory organization, just to name a few functions. It is made of primitive neurons.
substantia nigra
neurons with melanin. They form loop connections between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. They are involved with muscle tone.
blood-brain barriers
protective barrier that prohibits charged, hyrdophillic molecules from entering the brains fluid
hypothalamus
organization or participation in homeostatic regulation of many aspects of the internal environment of the body
thalamus
synapses that relay many types of functions to the cerebral cortex
medulla (oblongata)
reticular formation centers that regulate respiration, cardiovascular and some aspects of somatic motor function, as well as preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
postganglionic cells
autonomic neuron that has its cell body in the ganglion and sends its axon to the target tissue
preganglionic cells
autonomic neuron that origintes in the central nervous system and terminates in an autonomic ganglion
behavioral state regulation
the regulation of behavioral states such as sleeping, waking, and alerting; controlled by the hypothalamis
synaptic vesicles
vesicles that are released from the presynaptic cleft that bind to a receptor on the post synaptic cleft propgating a signal
midbrain
coordination of reflexes for tracking visual objects; auditory relay synapses; motor nuclei and tracts
sympathetic division of the ANS
division of autonomic nervous system that is responsible for fight or flight response
alpha (a) receptors
receptors that respond to NE
beta (b) receptors
receptors that respond to Epi best, but can respond to NE
cephalization
nervous tissue becomes concentrated towards one end of the organism (head)
presynaptic
usually an end of an axon which transmist the signal thorugh the synapse
postsynaptic
area which had special receptor proteins that receive a chemical signal
allostatic regulation
homeostatic mechanism is found to alter its set point in response to changing conditions, such as stress
Which of the following types of regulation are homeostatic?
C. neg feed
Which of the following characteristics or features are typically found in the cell bodies of mature
neurons?
A. "dark" nucleus with much "condensed" DNA & protein
B. large numbers of darkly staining vesicles
C. elaborately developed Golgi complex
D. many mitochondria
E. mitotic spindles
F. long microtubules
G. extensive granular, or rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
C,D,G
Which of the following structures are considered part of the brain stem in this course and for
functional purposes?
A. cerebellum
B. cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
C. diencephalon
D. medulla (oblongata)
E. midbrain
F. pons
C D E F
ventral horn (gray matter)
region of the spinal cord where
synapses provide the final integration of motor activity for somatic motor function
ganglion
a cluster / concentration of neuron cells bodies outside the CNS (peripheral); may control
various functions [except "basal ganglia" of cerebral hemispheres]
