Chapter 3

• Growth
• Reproduction
• Responsiveness
• Metabolism

• Lack nucleus
• lack various internal structures ie any bound with phospholipid layer)
• are small 1 um in diameter
• have simple structure
• bacteria and archaea

• ribosome
• cytoplasm
• nucleoid
• glycocalyx
• cell wall
• cytoplasmic membrane
• flagellum
• inclusions     

• Nucleus
• membrane bound organelles
• larger 10-100um in diameter
• have more complex structure   
• Algea, Protozoa, Animals and Plants  

• Nucleolus
• Nuclear envelope
• nuclear pore 
• ribosome
• smoothe and rough endoplasmic reticulum
• transport vesicles
• golgi apparatus (packages protiens)
• secretory vesicles
• mitochondria
• lysosome
• centriole
• cytoplasmic membrane
• cytoskeleton        
•   

• Virus: 0.3 um
• bacterium 1 um
• parasitic Protozoa 14um  

• Gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell
• composed of polysaccarides, polypeptides or both.
• (sugars or amino acids bound by protiens)  

• Capsule
• Slime layer

• firmly attached to cell surface
• prevent H2O loss,
• prevent bacteria from being recognized by the host

• loosly attached to cell surgace
• water soluble
• sticky layer that allows prokaryotes to attach
• prevent water loss   

•  Filament, hook, basal body
• Basal body anchors filament and hook to cell wall by a rod and a series of either 2 or 4 rings of integral protiens 

• gram + have two protien rings and a thicker cell wall
• gram negative have 4 protien rings with a thinner cell wall but two membranes 

ATP is supplied to the basal body, it begins to rotate, causing the filament to spin.

• Peritrichous: flagella surrounds cell
• Polar Monotrichous: 1 flagellum at 1 end
• Amphitrichous: 1 at each end
• Lophotrichous: a bunch at one end
•      

• 3 axial filament filled with endoflagella surround cell and contract to cause spiral movement
• example: syphilis 

Run: moves cell forward, positive taxis, flagella move counter clockwise

Tumble: moves cell backward/changes directon, negative taxis, flagella move clockwise

• short rod-like projections
• sticky
• used to adhere to one another, hosts, substances in the environment
• important in biofilms

• Tubules composed of pilin
• known as conjunction pili
• typically one or two per cell
• Mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)   

• composed of slime layer or capsules and fimbriae
• communities of many different species of bacteria livig together
• common in nature
• contribute to humand disease
• ex: plaque build-up    

• Composed of peptidoglycan (NAG & NAM)
• gives cell shape
• can assist in attaching to other cells
• can assist in resisting antimicrobial drugs
• can be targeted with anitbiotics

• sugar cell wall for bacteria
• composed of NAG and NAM
•  

• very thick layer of peptidoglycan
• single layer cell membrane 
• contains teichoic acids
• purple gram stain
• up to 60% mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria helps cells survive descination
• 90% peptidoglycan, 10% lipid

unique polyalcohols found in gram+ bacterial cell walls

• Have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan but a double cell membrane
• composed of 90% lipid and 10% peptidoglycan
• outer membrane contains protiens, phospholipids and lippopolysaccharides (LPS)-lipid A causes sudden death if introduced to antibiotics
• Pink or Red gram stain
•   

• phospholipid bilayer
• hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic lipid tails 

• Energy storage
• harvest light energy in photosynthetic bacteria
• selectively permiable
• naturally inpermiable to most substances
• Protien channels
• Maintain electrical and concentration gradient     

• diffusion
• facilitated diffusion (movement with help of pore or channel)
• osmosis

Do not require ATP 

• solute + solvent
• H2O is universal solvent 

• water moves down concentration gradient.
• Hypotonic solution: water moves into cell. lysis
• Hypertonic solution: water moved out of cell. crenate
• isotonic: dynamic equilibrium   

• Moving up the gradient
• requires ATP 

Substances is chemically modified during transport

when a G+ cell looses its cell wall

when a G- cell looses its cell wall.

• Uniport: 1 directional
• Antiport: bidirectional
• Coupled symport: transport pairs of molecules

• Cytosol: liquid portion of cytoplasm
• Inclusions: bodies, reserve deposits of chemicals
• Endospores: Unique structures in some bacteria. a defense against unfavorable conditions 

•  DNA is replicated
• surrounded by a first and then a second membrane
• calcium cortex deposits between membranes
• spore coat forms and matures
• endospore is released from original cell and will regrow when a more favorable environment is present.   

Ribosomes

Cytoskeleton

• Glycocalyces 
• Flagella
• Fimbriae and Hami

• Most have cell walls
• Do not have peptidoglycan
• All have cytoplasmic membranes  

• Have 70S ribosomes
• fibrous cytoskeleton
• circular DNA  

• different ribosomal protiens
• different metabolic enzymes to make RNA
• Genetic code more similiar to eukaryotes  

Glycocalyces. (never a capsule) 

• Fungi, algea, plants and some protozoa have cell walls
• Plant: cellulose
• Fungi: cellulose, chitin, glucomannan
• Algea: polysaccharides

• control movement in and out of cell
• fluid mosaic
• membrane rafts: regions of lipids and protiens
•    steroid lipids maintain fluidity

endocytosis

endocytosis of a solid

endocytosis of a liquid

• it is within the cytoplasmic membrane
• shaft composed of tubulin aranged to form micro tubules
• filaments anchored to cell by basal body (no hook)
• do not rotate, undulate

• 9 triplets + 2 central tubules in cytoplasmic membrane
• 9 + 0 in basal body

• propels cell through it's environment
• moves substances past cell's surface

• flagella
• cilia
• ribosomes
• cytoskeleton
• centrioles and centrosome

• nucleous
• endoplasmic reticulum
• golgi body
• lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, vesicles
• Mitochondria
• chloroplasts

• 80S
• composed of 60S and 40S

Network of tubulin fibers: microtubules, actin microfilament, intermediate filaments

• anchors organcelles
• produces cell shape
• allosw contraction for endocytosis

• mitosis (nuclear division)
• cytokinesis (cell division)
• formation of flagella and cilia
• 9+0 sets of triplets

• two centrioles alligned at a 90 degree angle
• region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found (near nucleus)

• usually largest organelle in cell
• houses Dna
• nucleoplasm which contain chromatin
• nucleoli
• nuclear envelope
• nuclear pores

Nucleoplasm

synthesize RNA

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

to release RNA, which are messengers for the cell

• transport system
• smooth: lipid transport
• rough: protien transport
• sends stuff to golgi body

• recieves, processes and packages molecules
• packeges molecules in secretory vesicles

• digest food.
• lyse cell when opened

• degrade poisonous wastes (free radicals)
• prominent in kidney and liver

• in plants and algea
• transport, transfer and store nutrients and chemicals
• vacules can be huge and store water

• kidney bean shaped with crista inside for increased S.A.
• creates ATP
• contains 70S ribosome and circular DNA

• light harvesting
• has two phospholipid bilayers, 70S ribosomes and DNA
• Granum: stacked for increased SA

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts originate from prokaryotic cells, this explains their 70S ribosomes and their own DNA.  They were paracytic in nature joining the anerobic prokaryotic cell.  The anerobic cell grew dependent on their aerobic respiraton ATP. Poof! a Eukaryotic cell is born and the angels sang!